Marketing strategies of the mass-market chocolate industry Essay

This report is an evaluation of the marketing strategies used in the mass-market chocolate confection industry in the United Kingdom (UK). The four brands this report studies in detail are Cadbury, Galaxy, Kit Kat, and Maltesers. The UK mass-marker chocolate confectionary market is the biggest in the European Union and sales are heavily reliant on a solid marketing strategy. Using the four brands mentioned above this report investigated the following, segmentation, targeting and positioning, consumer buyer behaviour, promotion, pricing, product, and placement, social media strategies, and communication strategy. Finally, this report gives critiques on the effectiveness of the marketing strategy for the four selected brands and recommendations on how they might improve. Of the four brands studied, only Galaxy uses demographic segmentation by focusing on women but all four use behavioural segmentation by focusing on benefits sought from eating chocolate. Cadbury targets creative individuals, galaxy targets the indulgent types, Kit Kat targets tired employees, and Maltesers targets those in search of guilt free chocolate. Cadbury positions itself as a creative brand, galaxy as a treat, Kit Kat as a break bar, and Maltesers as the lighter way to enjoy chocolate Chocolate is an impulse good and need recognition is usually stimulated upon seeing the packaging, where as information search is usually omitted or happens very quickly. When it comes to evaluating alternatives consumers, positioning and brand personality come into play. Finally, the choice to buy or not to buy happens very quickly. Cadbury was the only brand found stay in contact with consumers post-purchase by sharing recipes that one could make with Cadbury products. Each of the four brands use adverts, sales promotion, sponsorship, and social media to increase brand awareness. However, no promotional material gives information about pricing because retail outlets set their own prices. Most mass-market chocolate bars are around the same price and can be found near tills at retail supermarket outlets as well as off-license stores across the nation. All four brands are connected to their consumers via social networks, with the exception of Galaxy and Maltesers who do not have twitter accounts. Each brand uses social networks to reinforce their positioning strategy. Cadbury uses it to encourage creativity and audience participation, Galaxy uses it to remind women of the irresistibility of chocolate, Kit Kat uses it to remind its fans to take a break, and Maltesers uses it to celebrate is 75th birthday. This report concludes by recommending that Cadbury should identify a clear branding message because currently its adverts are always open to interpretation. Galaxy should stay in touch with customers post-purchase with recipes for irresistible chocolate desserts. Kit Kat should continue having a strong focus for all communication material and Maltesers should communicate its original message, a lighter way to enjoy chocolate, more explicitly.

Article Summary Read-Only Participants: a Case for Student Communication in Online Classes

UNV-501: ARTICLE SUMMARY Read-only participants: a case for student communication in online classes Lavelle Figueroa Grand Canyon University Title: UNV-5: Article Summary This is a summary of the article titled â€Å"Read-only participants: a case for student communication in online classes† argues that the value of communication in online modules and the purpose of the success a scholar experiences when they pass an online module.The main purpose of this article is find explanations, to some interests mentioned beforehand, the researchers conducted an eight week analysis of scholars of an online module. This analysis integrated the following strategy to observe online communication and classroom activity amongst scholar’s cultural diversity, geographical location and maturity both are the most important primary causal dynamics. Furthermore, the substantial data gathered by Nagel et al (2009) in their research describe the potential consequences of success and failures were documented.Therefore, a successful completion of a online module they concluded the following: foremost, modules that had discussion forums allows a scholarly proactive interaction with fellow scholars and the professor. Subsequently, this type of module facilitates and /or enriches the online learning environment of the scholars by generating queries and replies (e. g. , in the form of posts, assignments, etc) of high critical thinking skills.Furthermore, the third aspect we must consider when improving communication on our online module forums to enhance the online environment is creating rapport as well as wholesome interaction. Last but not least important of all, is the supportive and wholesome interaction with the instructor that is enhanced within the online environment provided substantial responses to the inquiries formulated by the instructor and fellow scholars with substantive answers. Finally, the lack of communication within the online module experience will resul t in serious repercussions, toward successful completion of the module.Last but not least important, the researchers also concluded that a scholar does not successfully achieve their goal; of completing their module due to the lack of communication amongst both scholars and the instructor greatly impact our overall performance. The aim of this article is the responsibility of proactive communication and rapport within the online module environment like described in the article written by Nagel et al (2009) titled â€Å"read-only student†.This kind of learner decides no proactively contribute to the online modules (e. g. discussion forums, teamwork, individual assignments as well as quizzes). For instance, this type of learner, only borrows the almost the same point of view of their fellow scholars and instructor without quoting their respective responses or reactions or restraining their responses. Finally, the causal elements of this unhealthy attitude are â€Å"procrastina tion, isolation, and/or unfamiliarity with technology† (Nagel et al. 2009). Briefly this research has concluded that proactive communication is a crucial element to successfully complete an online module. As a result, not participating proactively on the online module makes them read-only scholars. Bibliography Nagel, L. L. , Blignaut, A. S. , & Cronje, J. C. (2009). Read-only participants: a case for student communication in online classes. Interactive Learning Environments,  17(1), 37-51. doi:10. 1080/10494820701501028

Assessment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assessment 1 - Essay Example In the view of Doran (1996), the main container of this asset is the human resource or more precisely, human capital of the organization. Thus, retaining the human capital with organization and maintaining its efficiency is equally important. In this context, the issue of context management becomes highly significant. According to Mondy (2007), besides retaining the employees, it is also essential that the employees must be able to utilize knowledge asset possessed by him to achieve the organization's strategic objectives. It is general belief that when the strategic objectives are developed and the vision is clear, the approach of using the organizational hierarchy to develop and translate those strategies into action works well and result into optimum performance. In order to understand this phenomenon, we need to understand the basic concepts one by one. First of all, let's look at the concept of strategy formulation. (Ceriello and Freeman 1998) Every business has a common goal, which is to earn profit. In order to achieve this goal, the organizations analyze their environment and in the context of their environment, determine their own strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Based on this analysis, they formulate their own strategy. Usually, the process of strategy formulation is hierarchical in nature. ... (Jackson and Mathis 2007) The hierarchical approach to the strategy formulation is not the panacea, having cure for all the diseases. Rather, there are certain conditions when this activity of hierarchical translation of is fruitful, while at other points it is not. (Fisher, Scheonfeldt and Shaw 1987) The hierarchical approach is more successful when the management has a clear vision of the direction, that where does it want to go. In such case when the top management, say the CEO makes some strategic objective. (Duncan and Dutton 1987). If the external environment of the organization is almost static, and the CEO is well aware of the external environment, in such case taking a direct decision by the CEO and then transcendence of that decision down the hierarchy may result in higher performance. It is so because of the fact that it is assumed in such case, the environment is quite known t everyone in the organization. So what needs to be done is to tell them the strategy and they wou ld be able to do it successfully. This all results in successful work performance. (Doran 1996) Awad and Cascio (1981) explains that this is the reason why it has been a common established belief that.in the condition where the environment is known, the performance of effectiveness of the organization to achieve those goals increase manifolds. On these bases, it is asserted that performance tends to improve when everybody in the organization knows where it is going, as hierarchical strategy formulation model works better. (Ceriello and Freeman 1998) However, the world is now changing. The environment for the businesses is no more static. The world is moving too fast, so does the environment for the business. In this situation where

BP Case Alaysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BP Case Alaysis - Article Example It is through the development of such strategies that the company was able to gather double the information it used to from the system, while reducing the IT cost budget by a third. The leadership is well structured so that each leader has a role to play, different from the other, an aspect that helps to eliminate the conflict of interests and create effectiveness efficiency in the way the system operates. Worth noting is the fact that BP has delegated some of its role to service providers, to enhance its smooth operations. For example, the HR issues are addressed by Exult. The change of the leadership hierarchy from eight levels separating the top management less hierarchical one, allowing the business units to operate independently, is a big leadership achievement. This has seen the company integrate with other four companies through merger and acquisition. Decision-making is done through peer groups that have shared core values. The company values socialization and consensus in re aching its decisions. Regarding the technology environment, to this company, technology is the basis for everything. It has been applied to create business innovations, improve the undertaking of operations, and act as a tool for use to gain competitive advantage (Margaret, 1999) .The Company though faced with challenges of educating its employees on technology use and applications, has integrated this as one of the major objective the management must address. This is due to the important role that technology plays in the operation of the company. This saw it create a web page for learning, with self-service courses by 2001 (Margaret, 1999).The speed of adopting and utilizing new technology is thus one of the company’s strategies. The interaction of the company with its environment is one that is worth emulating. As relating to the organizational environment, the company interacts with the wider global community through the internet. The company has taken the

Polaroid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Polaroid - Essay Example - Evaluating net contribution of each business unit to overall company profitability 3. How can Polaroid ensure that it properly plans its marketing efforts to reach the target markets effectively How will these plans change as the target market become older The firm is offering diversified line of instant imaging products. As such, marketing efforts should be differentiated depending on the demographics of intended market. The marketing strategy should suit the target market. Given a wide target market range, there should be market segmentation followed by product positioning to effectively penetrate target market. Focused Group Discussion. - Invite people within the target market and tackle what are the marketing factors or strategies which have great impact on their decision to purchase Polaroid products. - Holding another round of discussion with those who purchased the product and take note of their feedbacks on the various aspects of the products. Profiling of Customers and Target Market. To ensure that marketing plans is going through the desired direction, compare profile of customers with that of the potential market initially targetted. Trend Analysis. For an effective marketing plan, current trends must be considered. Polaroid can take advantage of current trends in the environment when planning and implementing its marketing efforts. 4. Core competencies are critical aspects of strategic infrastructure. Identify Polaroid's core competencies. Into which categories can they be grouped Technological Competence. Polaroid has the ability to come up with innovative instant imaging products. The firm's expertise along this line is already proven since Polaroid... Technological Competence. Polaroid has the ability to come up with innovative instant imaging products. The firm's expertise along this line is already proven since Polaroid has been in the market for decades. Polaroid's track record for developing high quality instant imaging products is already tested. Marketing Competence. In view of its expertise in instant imaging, Polaroid has strong market presence. The market is well aware of the Polaroid brand, thus, the company has an established brand equity. The brand name is trusted by the market.

Interview Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview Questions - Essay Example The interview questions will be divided into five groups targeting different data set and they will include: 4. Do you think that religious scholars and liberal oriented society members can get together for a common cause? What do you think would be the common ground that could bring these two different oriented societies together? How will this collaboration be helpful in the development of the society and what would be the possible outcome? Will this outcome be beneficial? 12. Do you think your organization is among the organizations that could serve as a mediation point between society and government? If so, in what manner and on what issues can it mediate and the instances that it has already mediated. 10. Do you think that the leap in technology and media are helping the Saudi women in sharing her interests and thoughts to other women in society? What other ways do you think exist that may allow Saudi women to be more actively effective in

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Human Resource - Essay Example It is important for all organisations to ensure that proper strategic human resource planning is implemented in their firm. Proper job descriptions need to be developed so that the right type of employees can be hired and all work operations take place smoothly. If Twinkle Toe proper makes investments of time on the recruitment and selection policies, then the right staff can be hired and the day care may face success. Training and career planning for employees is a very important element for remaining a competitive firm. Twinkle Toe has been suggested to implement training programs so that employee performance can improve. Career progression is important for employees as they look forward for achieving growth and success in their career life, therefore Twinkle Toe needs to provide the career progression opportunities for its employees so that they remain interested in working with the day care centre. The industry of the day care centre is booming due to the increase in the number of women who are willing to walk through their career paths without it being distracted by their personal family lives. The industry includes a number of day care centres, each with their own idea of how the children should be brought up or the importance of having children to develop their skills around other children. A major concern for the parents is to find the right day care that they can afford. All day care centres are not that affordable for every parent and hence, they do consider other alternatives such as hiring help within their own home, which has its own risks as well. The risks of hiring a babysitter at home and actually having the child admitted at a day care centre must be evaluated before a final decision is made. Another concern for the parents is the minds of their children. The minds of the children at the age of five tend to be like a sponge where they can absorb absolutely all facts and figures that they are

Exploring an Urban Issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exploring an Urban Issue - Research Paper Example Security at the urban spaces is also important so as to ensure that the people feel safe to visit the urban spaces (Melas, et al, 447). It is also important to note that the incidences of insecurity and crime are common in some of the urban spaces. In Toronto, the public spaces are usually maintained so as to attract the visitors. The paper thus discusses the concept of privacy and security of urban spaces in Toronto. The ability of the members of the public to visit the urban spaces is dependant on the issues of privacy and security. In most of the urban spaces, the levels of privacy are usually quite low. This is due to the high number of people who are usually at the urban space. In some of the instances, it is difficult for the visitors in the urban spaces to make phone calls as there is a low level of privacy. On the other hand, it is also important to note that the low levels of privacy discourage the members of the public to visit the urban spaces. Most of the urban spaces were initially designed for the relaxation of the members of the public without interference. However, the increase in urbanization in most of the towns has seen and increase in the population of urban areas. The population increase has led to a higher number of people visiting the turban spaces and hence lowering the levels of privacy (e Silva & Jordan 13). In some of the urban spaces, the privacy is at times high in pa rticular days at time of day and low in other days of particular time of the day. However, most of the current urban planners are keen on considering the factors that affects the privacy of the urban spaces. However, it is also important to note that most people still visit the urban spaces for the purposes of recreation. The levels of privacy also vary from one urban space to the other. Security at the urban spaces has become of the main concerns among

Native American Essay Example for Free

Native American Essay It is believed that the Hopi are the Native American tribe that has been living for the longest time in the same place. They arrived in the arid region of Northwest Arizona probably over a thousand years ago, and traditionally lived in the cultivation of corn and other plants, for which they achieved a very careful use of water and space. Despite the friction between the Hopi and both the Navajo and the Western, resulting from the invasion of both cultures of the Hopi lands in the past, they are one of the few aboriginal groups who maintain their culture until today. Their villages are ancient, some with a history of 1000 years. They have developed a reputation for basketry and sculpt miniatures. They are owners and operators of a cultural center, a museum and a hotel complex. According to Hopi tradition, the history of mankind is divided into periods they call worlds, which are separated by terrible natural disasters: the first world fell in the fire, the second by the ice and the third by water. Our present world, the fourth according to their prophecies, is coming to an end and will give way to a new world in the not too distant future. In total, humanity must walk through seven worlds. Hopi Indians claim that their ancestors were visited by beings from the stars who moved on flying shields or thundering birds and who dominated the art of cutting and carrying huge blocks of stone, as well as to build tunnels and underground facilities. These rescuers were called katchinas, meaning wise, honorable and respected. Katchinas were able to save the Hopi from some disasters, and they taught them to observe the stars, cutting roots, enforce laws and a long list of activities. They multiplied as people, and from them emerged clans and nations that extended across America. Hopi means peaceful or civilized person in Hopi language. Fascinated by the Hopi language linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) became inspired on his research on the Hopi to formulate his principle of linguistic relativity, which states that the language in which people operate affects their view of reality. When Whorf studied the tribe of the Hopi, he was surprised to find that the Hopi language words cannot express the past, the present and the future. The Hopi see life as a continuum and that is why they need not to describe the meaning of time as we do. According to Whorf, the lack of isomorphism between the Amerindians and the English language indicates a basic difference in thinking that is culturally acquired by the individual in the process of language acquisition. The Hopi language, according to Whorf, has a much larger number of verbs than names, unlike European languages, and this is reflected for instance in a different conception of time and motion and this is very important for the following: The Hopi conceive time and movement in a purely operational way – a matter of complexity and scale of those operations that connect facts so that the time element is not separated from the element of space, which enters as a part of the operation regardless of the former. Whorf tells us that one could assume that the Hopi, who know – initially only the language and cultural ideas of their own society, have the same notions of time and space that we have, or that concepts such as time and space involve intuitions that are universal. Yet this is not true, the Hopi do not have – originally a general notion or intuition of time that elapses uniformly and in which everything in the universe goes by the same pace. Though this theory has been observed for several decades, it has also been the target of attacks and criticisms, including those of the well-known professor emeritus of languages Ekkehart Malotki, a specialist in Hopi culture, who argues on his studies that the Hopi language contains various tenses, metaphors and units of time. These include days, number of days, parts and kinds of days, such as yesterday, morning, day, week, month, months, lunar phases, seasons and years. The Hopi live, move and exist within their religion, they fit into the description that anthropologist Mircea Eliade makes of the archaic or religious man , which perceive both the environment and the human actions as sacred, and who is able to respond to this sacredness in the sense that they repeat the exemplary models that they’ve received from their ancestors. The perception of a primordial temporality, as opposed to our Western linear temporality, responds to how they perceive objects and actions in the world. The objects are not perceived as themselves, in isolation, but as participants in a web of meaning that shapes totality, in this way everything is done and acquires significant value in response to other things to which it relates. In relation to actions, each action has an exemplary model, which was inaugurated by a mythical ancestor (for the Hopi, the katchinas), who initiated the action and forged its exemplariness or genuineness, which is now repeated: the paramountcy of time in the repetition of exemplary actions. We see that the difference between the Hopi and Western temporalities can be explained from the meaning of human actions on both cultures, in our Western culture in everything we do we are affected by the past, and we act in response to the consequences that we can get done in the future, however Hopi perceive time as a unit, a continuum, and the actions that ultimately shape their perceptions are not divided in a linear temporality (past-present-future) as they are a constant repetition of the key, mythical actions. This means that the Hopi continually celebrate with their doings a more genuine status of things.

HR Employee Development & Workplace Learning Essay Example for Free

HR Employee Development Workplace Learning Essay Human resource development and knowledge is extremely essential for the success of an organization because HRD reflects upon the objectives and goals of the business which can be achieved through proper human resource planning and management activities and also through implementing the most effective human resource learning theories such as behaviorism theory and situated theory of learning which enhances the skills and talents of the employees to a great extent. (Allan, C. Greg J. Bamber, Nils Timo.. , 2006). It is extremely important for all organizations and managers to acknowledge the fact that the highly competitive business environment of today’s world mainly focuses upon the efficient use of human resources through learning and training them so that they can produce the maximum in a given time rate. Therefore, managers should clearly understand that they need to concentrate all their efforts into obtaining the best from their human resources. Butteriss,M. , 1998). Human resource development and management has always been a topic of discussion. Companies over many decades have tried to understand the complexities of human resource management and many researchers, analyst and great managers have come up with various theories and ideas to deal with this issue. (John B. P, 2009). To go forward with the discussion of HR development, we should first of all clearly understand what appropriate human resources are. Appropriate human resources refer to the individuals within the organization who make a valuable contribution to management system goal attainment. Research into this matter has proven that production in all businesses is accomplished by effective human resource interaction and combination of human resource management and theories. (Sheehan, C. , Peter Holland, Helen De Cieri. , 2006). Research has proven that if employee management and performance management (appraisal) works side by side then no problem can stop the organization from going towards success. For example, if through employee training and learning and training theories, the performance and output of the worker is evaluated then that knowledge regarding the workers performance can help the organization in giving bonuses and rewards to the worker for his dedication, motivation and hard work. (Bray, M. and Peter Waring. , 2006). For instance, a worker’s performance is checked through the performance appraisal system and it proves that the worker is very efficient and hardworking, then that worker can be awarded rewards and bonus for his efficiency and effectiveness. Peetz, D. , 2005) Extensive research into this matter has also proven that if organizations only focus on building and training their employees and do not focus on any program of performance check or management then these organizations will not be able to achieve effective results in the long run. This is because employees need to be constantly checked in order to find out whether they are working with dedi cation and motivation or whether their skills have become outdated or not. Leaving employees totally on their own can lead to disastrous effects. Performance management has become extremely popular in the recent years because its worth and value has been recognized by most organizations nowadays. Human resource managers now clearly understand that without appraising the performance of their workforce they can never find out how productive and effective their workforce is. Moreover, performance appraisal also allows the organization to give bonuses to their employees for good performance and to motivate them more for the future. Research shows that due to performance appraisals nowadays employees are dealt with strictly when they come late to work on a regular basis. Therefore, performance appraisal immediately makes the employees more efficient and effective and ends any kind of laid back behavior that they already had towards their work. (Mamman, A. and Christopher J Rees. , 2005) HR Management and development comprises of not only employee training but it consists of a broader aspect of employee development, learning and education. Through research, it has been found that the employees who have obtained extensive training, learning and development education are the most efficient and effective ones to work in today’s highly competitive business environment HR management basically tries to build the skills and work tasks of the employees so that they can give maximum success and productivity to the organization for which they work. (Ghai, D. ; Hewitt, C. , 1994) Research proves that the accuracy and fairness of the performance appraisal of employees keeps changing every now and then because the role of HR management itself is continuously changing all over the world due to a multiple reasons. (Hicks, N. L. ,1993) Furthermore, the recent crisis the world is facing namely, the War on Terror, has greatly affected the financial condition of the economy of the world due to which oil prices have increased, unemployment has increased, corruption has risen, privatization and consumerism has taken place and all these policies have had a very strong impact upon HRD as it changes to reduce employee stress. Freeman, C. ; Soete, L. , 1993). There are many theories given by a lot of renowned scholars on various issues of HR Management. Two of them are Behaviorism Theory and the other is the Situated Theory. These two theories play a major role in enhancing a trainer’s understanding of the learning process. The Theory of behaviourism is useful for the development of competencies and also for exhibiting technical skills. This is a learning theory and is most advantageous when a change in behavior of a worker is desired. This theory is really helpful for all the major organizations in the world as it plays an important role in judging the attitudes of the employees. Behaviourism is actually a model of training for employees. The systematic training designs, training objectives, computer or electronically device based learning, and also competencies are all a major part of behaviorist learning theory. There are few assumptions related to this learning theory which are to be given importance in order to implement it in an organization.

patient health care professional communication

patient health care professional communication Discuss any three factors which must be considered by a HCP to improve health well being of individual support individuals in keeping healthy. This assignment will discuss how health care professionals can help progress patient care improving service user interaction by working effectively within interprofessional teams; demonstrating an understanding in patient behaviour and patient health care professional communication, values that can support patients health and well being. In improving service user interaction particular attention is advised to be paid to body language, the nonverbal communication between patient and health care professional (Martin Friedman 2005; MacDonald, 2004; Dillon, 2007). Dickson et al (1989) concurs that health care professionals would benefit from the use of effective communication in the context of interviewing patients. Sometimes body language portrayed by a patient may conflict with verbal messages; this would indicate they may be trying to facade something (Martin Friedman, 2005). The health care professional should make regular but not intrusive eye contact to show interest, a lack of eye contact can signal a lack of concern, embarrassment or submissiveness which could dissuade the patient from confiding (Myerscough Ford, 1996; MacDonald, 2004). Understanding can be conveyed with a relaxed body posture and appropriate facial expressions (Dickson et al, 1989). Sitting a suitable distance from the patient to allow touch to the patient if this is supportive, may encourage the patient to be more relaxed and open (Myerscough Ford, 1996). A simple gesture such as a handshake at the beginning of a meeting can reassure the patient and have a positive effect on the relationship (Myerscough Ford, 1996; Dickson et al, 1989). The health care professional should maintain enough distance to the patient to avoid interference into each others personal space whilst at the same time acquiring enough space to allow confidentiality (Workman Bennett, 2003; Dillon, 2007). There may be times when it is necessary to move closer to the patient, if a patient is hard of hearing, unable to move or for treatment (Myerscough Ford, 1996; Williams, 1997). To efficiently increase learning skills and improve communication health care professionals could receive and interpret information from patients (Dickson et al, 1989). Patients should be encouraged to have independence by making decisions about their treatment with guidance (Public Guardian, 2009). Clarifying questions can help to receive direct answers, asking too many questions at once may confuse the patient and they tend to only answer the last question asked (Minardi Riley, 1997). Paraphrasing and summarising is an effective way to make clear what is being discussed (Minardi Riley, 1997). Throughout any discussion with the patient the health care professional should respect their confidentiality (Servellen, 2008). Social background should make no difference as to how a patient is dealt with, each person deserves the time, commitment and treatment needed (Townsend et al, 1992). We live in a society with different cultures, genders and class; judgments can hinder relations between patient and health care professionals (Thompson, 2002; Dickson et al, 1989). Patients can often feel they lose individuality and feel their condition is treated and not them as a human being (Taylor, 1997). People with disabilities often feel isolated and frustrated, fear rejection and feel self conscious. Some people are either born with disabilities or have developed them through disease or accident. If a patient has an issue with a problem they have it is important to evade alienating them by ignoring their feelings (Myerscough Ford, 1996). Patients should feel they have enough time to describe any issues they have without feeling uncomfortable, analysed or criticised by the health care worker, who should remain impartial (Myerscough Ford, 1996). Health care professionals should not make assumptions about patients who may have some form of mental disability as this can reflect in the patients on self-esteem (Practice Nurse, 2003b). Showing empathy, not sympathy towards patients is important (Minardi Riley, 1997). Burnard (1992) advises it is wrong to make assumptions about someone just because of the way they dress, their lifestyle or attitude, as these can sometimes be interpreted poorly, health care professionals should reflect about how they came to those ideas and question what that says about them. All health care professionals would benefit from working as a team of interprofessionals to improve patients health care (Burnard, 1992). With numerous occupations in the health care profession it is remarkable how each individual has their own observation and diagnosis of the patient (Soothill et al, 1995). It is important to understand the roles of other health care professions and the responsibilities they face in order to work as a successful team (Thompson, 2002). Servellen (2008) explains coordination and quality of care are paramount and failure in provision can have an unconstructive effect on patients contentment, leading to lack of trust and reluctance to be treated. The use of written correspondence to avoid confusing messages can help improve overall care of patients (Mackay, 1993). Mistakes, such as wrong medication, treatment or food can have unnecessary effects on the patient (Mackay, 1993). Portraying self-awareness increases confidence in the patient and their family, combined with regularity in communication this provides increased trust from the patient (Servellen, 2008). There should be a balance of gentleness and assertiveness (Thompson, 2002). Continuous professional development adds new challenges, it shows the willingness to learn and expand knowledge that keeps motivation within the health care professionals job (Thompson, 2002). Evaluating involvement within the health care profession allows lessons to be learned from a professional and personal level, whilst evaluating practice enables assessment; this is good practice that identifies strengths and possible weaknesses that can be addressed to improve service user interaction, inter-professional working and health behaviour (Thompson, 2002). Reflective practice is a way of making sense of doubt. Learning to deal with situations, sometimes stressful, can be a constructive experience for the health care professional. Situations sometimes need to be hectic in order to learn under pressure. Without learning there is little improvement in the skills of the health care professional. Choices are made by health care professionals every minute of their working day (Ghaye Lillyman, 2000). To deal with health behaviour a health care professional can be the voice of the patient enabling them to express their beliefs, emotions, hopes and worries to find a way of dealing with their feelings, everyone has a voice and they may express their voice in different ways (Ghaye Lillyman, 2000). Values make a person who they are, why they do what they do and why (Ghaye Lillyman, 2000). It is not always an easy task to encourage a patient to change their views. A person may smoke because they believe it relieves stress regardless of the effect on their health (Townsend et al, 1992). All smoking accomplishes is to help a person forget about the stress they have for a short period of time, it then becomes a cycle that is tough to break (Townsend et al, 1992). Finding out why a person smokes and why they enjoy smoking can be of help in understanding any underlying problems the patient may have (Practice Nurse, 2003a). A situation where a person is strong willed in the wrong manner can make the health care professionals responsibility difficult (Lewis et al, 1993). It is important to keep to realistic goals for patients to aid with their motivation and confidence, in comparison, a patients improvement can be deterred by unrealistic goals being set (Thompson, 2002). Significance should be placed to avoid speaking in medical terms to a patient; this could confuse them unnecessarily and cause difficulty in communication (Thompson, 2002; MacDonald, 2004). A full explanation is needed to reassure the patient and clarify information to avoid anguish (Dickson et al, 1989). People in general have different ideas on improving their health. A health care professional can help to encourage a healthier lifestyle and reduce sickness by offering advice and assessing action taken by the patient (Lewis et al, 1993). Helping patients to refrain from suppressing their feelings can avert physiological difficulties; as when someone is tense, they can develop postural problems (Burnard, 1992). Physical stress symptoms may lead to a lack of rest, tiredness, little or no appetite and digestion disturbance, psychological stress affects the mind of patients and can lead to apprehension enthusiasm (Dillon, 2007; Practice Nurse, 2003a). Increased levels of stress in a patient of Ill health can reduce their ability to cope with everyday life lacking in enthusiasm (Dillon, 2007; Practice Nurse, 2003a). Burnard (1992) confers how it is important as health care professionals to recognise this, although this is not always easy to spot. As we gain knowledge we better understand there is a connection linking body posture, the muscles, joints and the mind, a relaxed mind would encourage a relaxed body. This essay has argued that patient care and well being can be improved through the implementation of good all round verbal and nonverbal communication without prejudice or discrimination (MacDonald, 1997; Dillon, 2007). Sometimes patients just need to be asked how their poor health affects them and the quality of their life (Baker, 2000). Engaging with other people enables interaction and understanding in communicating with people. Excellent communication and information given to patients is essential to patient care, organisation, well being and recovery (Taylor, 1997; Dickson et al, 1989; Martin Friedman, 2005). Health professionals play a significant part to ensuring good working practice and job satisfaction (Thompson, 2002). References (2003a) Smoking cessation. Practice Nurse, 26: 7, 52-56. (2003b) What is Stigma, Practice Nurse, 26: 10, 18-19. Baker, M. (2000) Modernising NHS, patient care (empowerment): the view from a national society, accessed 10th November 2009, 6.10pm, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/320/7250/1660. Burnard, P. (1992) Effective communication skills for health professionals, Chapman Hall, London. Dickson, D.A., Hargie, O., Morrow, N.C. (1989) Communication skills training for health professionals, Chapman Hall, London. Dillon, P.M. (2007) Nursing health assessment; A critical thinking, case studies approach. 2nd Ed. F.A. Davies Company, Philadelphia. Ghaye, T., Lillyman, S. (2000) Reflection: Principles and practise for health care professionals, Quay Books, Wiltshire. Lewis, L.V.W., Timby, B. K., Frawley, B. (1993) Fundamental skills and concepts in patient care, 5th Ed, Chapman Hall, London. MacDonald, E. (Ed.) (2004) Difficult conversations in medicine, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mackay, L. (1993) Conflicts in care: medicine and nursing, Chapman Hall, London. Martin, L.R., Friedman, H.S. (2005) ‘Nonverbal Communications and Health Care, In: Riggio, R.E., Feldman, R.S. (Eds.) Applications of nonverbal communication, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., London. pp.3-16. Minardi, H.A., Riley, M.J. (1997) Communication in health care: a skills based approach, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. Myerscough, P., Ford, M. (1996) Talking with patients, keys to good communication, 3rd Ed, Oxford University Press Inc, Oxford. Office of the Public Guardian (2009) The code of Practice, accessed 7th November 2009, 5.18pm http://www.publicguardian.gov.uk/docs/mca-code-parctice-0509.pdf Servellen, G.M.V. (2008) Communication skills for the health care professional; concept, practice and evidence, 2nd Ed, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London. Soothill, K., Mackay, L., Webb, C. (Eds.) (1995) Interprofessional relations in health care, Edward Arnold, London. Taylor, S., Field, D. (Eds.) (1997) Sociology of health and health care, 2nd Ed, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford. Thompson, N. (2002) People skills, 2nd Ed. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Townsend, P., Whitehead, M., Davidson, N. (Eds.) (1992) Inequalities in health: the black report the health divide, 2nd Ed. Penguin Books Ltd, London. Williams, D. (1997) Communication skills in practice: A practical guide for health professionals, Jessica Kingsley, London. Workman, B.A., Bennett, C.L. (2003) Key Nursing Skills, Whurr Publishers Ltd, London.

Gitlow vs New York Essay -- communism, freedom of speech, criminal anar

In the twenty century, the U.S society was in the period of tending to be a human base society. The laws in America were introduced to create a fair and regulated society for its citizens. The First and Fourteenth Amendment of Constitution granted that the U.S citizens have the freedom of speech. And the New York State had its law of Criminal Anarchy Act since 1902 for â€Å"organized government should be overthrown by force or violence, or by assassination of the executive head or of any of the executive officials of government, or by any unlawful means (n.p).† The citizen in the any state of the U.S should always both obey the state law and follow the national constitution. Otherwise, the citizen would get corresponding punishment for jail, community service or even death for most states. However, the case of Gitlow vs New York happened in 1925 that majorly argued about the U.S citizens’ guaranteed freedom of speech in the First Amendment of Constitution and the New Y ork State’s Criminal Anarchy Act. Gitlow vs. New York is a case that influences the integrity of U.S legislative system importantly. In the 1925s, Benjamin Gitlow, a left wing socialist, published speeches of anti-government to advocate a new better communist government. His action caused the charge as unpopular and dangerous speech for the whole society from the New York state government, and his behavior became a court case. According to the website thefreedictionary.com, that â€Å"The opinions expressed in† â€Å"The Revolutionary Age† and â€Å"The Left Wing Manifesto† â€Å"formed the bases for the defendant's convictions under Sections 160 and 161 of the penal law of New York, which were the criminal anarchy statutes† (n.p). â€Å"The Revolutionary Age† and â€Å"The Left Wing Manifesto† ar... ... his action could actually be really harmful for the society. Gitlow defended him as not guilty merely depends on the part of the context of the First Amendment of Constitution about U.S citizens’ freedom of speech. It is actually make a deliberate misinterpretation out of the context. Gitlow’s claims that he is innocent might because of his less awareness and misunderstanding of the laws. Or, he might believe that the faults of the Constitution would help him escape from the punishment. However, in my point of view, Gitlow fail to consider the primarily goal of the U.S Constitution that is to protect the best profit of its majority. Bibliography http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Gitlow+v.+New+York http://principlesofafreesociety.com/freedom-of-speech/ http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_nonfiction_the_ayn_rand_column

William Bradford :: essays research papers

"If a tree falls but no one is there to see it, does it really fall?" This quote explains the very logic of history. Throughout the course of history, many significant occurrences have shaped our society to what it is today: free. William Bradford not only lived through a symbolic historical cornerstone of America, but wrote about it too. William Bradford, the second governor of Plymouth colony elected, was accountable for the young colony’s success through great hardships. The Pilgrims were signified as complete abdicates from the Church of England. The success of the Plymouth was based on covenantalism - the belief that men could form compacts or covenants in the sight of God as a basis for government without the consent of a higher authority. According to Bradford’s exposé, the Pilgrims: shook off this yoke of antichristian bondage, and as the Lord's free people joined themselves (by a covenant of the Lord) into a church estate, in the fellowship of the gospel, to walk in all His ways made known, or to be made known unto them, according to their best endeavors, whatsoever it should cost them, the Lord assisting them. And that it cost them something this ensuing history will declare. But after these things they could not long continue in any peaceable condition, but were hunted and persecuted on every side, so as their former afflictions were but as flea-bitings in comparison of these, which now came upon them. For some were taken and clapped up in prison, others had their houses beset and watched night and day, and hardly escaped their hands; and the most were fain to flee and leave their houses and habitations, and the means of their livelihood. Yet these and many other sharper things which afterward befell them, were no other than they looked for, and therefore were the better prepared to bear them by the assistance of God's grace and Spirit. Yet seeing themselves thus molested, and that there was no hope of their continuance there, by a joint consent they resolved to go into the Low Countries, where they heard was freedom of religion for all men; they resolved to get over into Holland as they could. (W. Brad Home Page). Once in Holland, the Pilgrims discovered that religious persecution was being diffused. They picked up once again on another brave journey in search for a land that was seemingly impossible to find: a land of religious freedom.

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IMPORTANCE OF PARTNERSHIP When parents and practitioners work together it has a positive impact on children’s development and learning. This can be achieved through communication, learning together (e. g. actively involving fathers) and respecting diversity. Be sure to send a text to parent(s) during the day should their child say/do something cute or just to let them know that you’re both having fun together.You could even send them a picture of the delicious pizza their child just created, for example. Parents then feel included and have peace of mind knowing that their child is happy and healthy. First impressions last and so carers, making you and your home warm and welcoming will immediately put parents at ease. Likewise, parents should also be neat and presentable when meeting a prospective childcarer. A two-way flow of information and knowledge between parents and carers ensure effective communication.Having posters and pictures on display which reiterate the car er’s positive attitude towards social and cultural diversity as state in their Equal Opportunities policy will not only give parents a feel for the environment that their children will be in, but also help children and families to recognise that they are valued. Routines are very important for children as they like to know when certain things are going to happen i. e. mealtimes, sleep time, drop-off and collection etc. – they’re key to establishing a sense of stability and care for children and allowing them to master their environment.Wherever possible, all routines should fit in with parents’ wishes (i. e. attitudes re TV, food and sleeping) and should meet the child’s needs. i. e. incorporating child’s interests in nature by collecting leaves/flowers/sticks/stones on walks and perhaps creating a piece of art with them. Make sure routines are based on each individual child and their specific interests/needs. All children develop different stages at different time, but the general sequence of milestones is the same. This means you’ll need to constantly adapt some routines to accommodate the changing needs of children as they develop.For example, as boys get older they really need a lot more physical activity to burn off the energy they have and so more ball games or longer outdoor activities may be required. Upon arrival in the mornings greet each child individually with a warm voice and smile. Mention or comment on something specific that they’re wearing or carrying. Throughout the day listen to them and don’t rush daily tasks. This will make them feel important and cared for. Sources: Riddall-Leech, S, Home-based Childcare pg 131, Essex, Heinemann EYFS 2008 2. 2 Parents as Partners, Communication

Boise Art Museum Essay

Boise Art Museum is located in a serene environment with beautifully manicured lawns adorned with various artifacts. I had the privilege of visiting this renowned museum on 18th August 2003. During this time an exhibition showing the ceramic artistic works of Wanxin Zhang was ongoing. The ceramic works featured Chinese figures molded to the height of an average person and each piece having its own uniqueness. Each of the figures represented different emotions and personalities. Some of the figures even had clothing that depicted a combination of tradition and modernity. One astonishing aspect about the figures is how the artist managed such art with such huge ceramics. This depicted mastery of the art. Although all the figures were brown in color and more or less of the same size, it was very easy to discern differences in terms of the emotions and personalities displayed by the clothing, posture and facial expressions. This outlined how diversity can be achieved in art just by varying aspects such as posture and facial expression. The technique was superb as the artist managed utilize contour to bring out contrast in different parts of the body and to create outline for the clothing. The finishing was also smooth and rough surfaces were meant to bring certain aspects of the figure such as clothing. The figures are also amazing due to the extent that they manage to combine tradition and modernity. Looking at the figures one also notices the sense of humor of the artist. Some figures were adorned with glasses and some had neck ties. This gave the figures a funny and a ridiculous look. Generally the artist outlined how possible though ridiculous it would be to combine tradition and modernity in a single piece of work. This is actually a very rare observation considering that the figures still manage to look artistic and portray a rich Chinese culture. Reference: Boise Art Museum. (2010, August 18). Wanxin Zhang: A Ten Year Survey. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from Boise Art Museum: http://boiseartmuseum. org/exhibit/current. php

Population Problems in Bangladesh

[pic] Assignment On Population Problems in bangladesh Submitted To: Halimur R. khan, Ph. D. Professor FBA Eastern University Submitted By: Name |ID | |Dewan Abdullah |101200205 | |Jannatul Ferdaous |101200214 | |Tanzila Afrin | 101200004 | |Shahina Akter |101200211 | Faculty of Business Administration Submission: 11/05/2011 Terms of Reference May 11, 2011 Halimur R. khan,Ph. D. , Professor Faculty of Business Administration, Eastern University Sir, The report at your hand is on â€Å"population problem in Bangladesh†. You assign us to prepare this report as a part of the Business Communication (BUS-201) course requirement. While preparing this report, we have tried to follow your instructions given in the class.We believe our report contains information help us to make a clear recognize about â€Å"population problem in Bangladesh†. We really enjoyed doing such a challenging report. If you have further queries regarding this paper, we gladly remain stand by whenev er you ask for it. Finally, we are grateful to you for giving us a nice opportunity to work on this report, which we have considered as a great chance for us to develop our analytical skills. Sincerely yours, Dewan Abdullah Jannatul Ferdaous Tanzila Afrin Shahina Akter [pic] 1. Introduction: Today more than a billion people live in the areas richest in species diversity and the most threatened by human activities. The world’s population is now more than 6. billion and continues to grow by 83 million people per year. During the last half-century, the world’s population more than doubled. Between 1960 and 2010, the world population rose from 3 billion to 6. 8 billion. In other words, there has been more growth in population in the last fifty years than the previous 2 million years that humans have existed. Currently the rate of population increase is 1. 2% per year, which means the planet’s human population is on a trajectory to double again in 58 years. The plane t's major renewable natural resources—its fresh water, fisheries and forests—are already strained, and our atmosphere has been dramatically alter.Based on these trends, it is clear that the 21st century will witness even greater pressures on natural resources—with the poorest among us often paying the greatest price. Thomas Malthus believed that natural rates of human reproduction, when unchecked, would lead to geometric increases in population: population would grow in a ratio of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on. However, he believed that food production increased only in arithmetic progression: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. It seemed obvious to him that something had to keep the population in check to prevent wholesale starvation. He said that there were two general kinds of checks that limited population growth: preventative checks and positive checks. Preventative checks reduced the birth rate; positive checks increased the death rate.Despite sustained domestic and internati onal efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation, in part due to its large population. Its per capita income in 2006 was US$2300, compared to the world average of $10,200. Recent (2005–2007) estimates of Bangladesh's population range from 142 to 159 million, making it the 8th most populous nation in the world. With a land area of 143,998 square kilometers (55,600 square miles, ranked 94th), the population density is remarkable. A striking comparison is offered by the fact that Russia's population is only slightly smaller. Bangladesh boasts the highest population density in the world, excluding a handful of microstates.Bangladesh's population growth was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the country grew from 50 to 90 million people, but with the promotion of birth control in the 1980s, the growth rate slowed. The total fertility rate is now 3. 1 children per woman, compared with 6. 2 three decades ago. The population is relatively young, with the 0–25 age group comprising 60%, while 3% are 65 or older. Bangladesh remains among the poorest nations in the world. Many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land. Nearly half of the population lives on less than 1 US$ per day. BANGLADESH had one of the highest rates of population growth in the world. Bangladesh is among the poorest Asian countries. GNP per capita, now at $170, has grown very little since 1970 and is still among the lowest in the world.Rural people–90 percent of the population–have seen increasing landlessness and economic dislocation. Underemployment remains high. The overall literacy rate is 30 percent; for women, it is only 22 percent. The social status of the vast majority of women, bound by the restrictions of a patriarchal, traditional society, has changed little since Independence. Top 10 countries, based on population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [pic] 2. State of the problems : It is alarming news. People in Bangladesh should now understand the reality of the problem. Population is growing, land for cultivation is sinking, climate change will create havoc for the country, there is excess in government expenditure for foreign trips and hosts of other problems are coming up.I heard the Prime Minister saying that she send the Bangladeshis abroad to solve the population problem. That sounded hollow to me. The government should have a viable policy of limiting population growth. This is a serious problem for Bangladesh. [pic] 2. 1 Environmental Issues: Many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and er osion; deforestation; severe overpopulation. 2. Overpopulation Creates Traffic Jam: Traffic Jam is one of the most irritating problems in Bangladesh. Everyone feels it but none seems to think over this unhappy situation as prevails in Bangladesh. Communication is an important aspect of our day-to-day life. And as such, the bad effect of traffic jam can better be understood than described. So that, movements on the roads and streets must strictly be regulated by certain rules, which we call, traffic rules. Vehicles must keep to the left, obey speed limits and should avoid overtaking and follow the traffic signals. If these rules are followed strictly, the vehicles can go on smoothly without causing any traffic jam.But most often than not, there is glaring carelessness about these rules. As a result, the common people pay very dearly for it. People lose their time on their way for nothing. Sometimes we feel inclined to think that our government and the people at the helm of these affa irs are very indifferent to such vital problems. Something positive must be done to relieve the people from such problems. T[pic] The main reasons of traffic jam is overpopulation. 2. 3 Overpopulation Creates Load Shedding Load shedding occurs when generation of power is less than the demand and it creates problems of far reaching consequences in the economic and social development of the country.Mills and factories become idle, industrial production declines, workers are retrenched. Social order suffers a great damage. Students suffer in their study, straining their eyes in dim candle lights. The housewife gropes in the darkness in the kitchen. the shops have to close down. Men in the cinema halls spend hours in stuffy suffocation for failure of the supply of current. People return home after a day's hard work only to enter a dark den. The entire life-domestic and industrial comes to a standstill. Load shedding occurs when generation of power is less than the demand and it creates problems of far reaching consequences in the economic and social development of the country.Mills and factories become idle, industrial production declines, workers are retrenched. Social order suffers a great damage. Students suffer in their study, straining their eyes in dim candlelight. The housewife gropes in the darkness in the kitchen. The shops have to close down. Men in the cinema halls spend hours in stuffy suffocation for failure of the supply of current. People return home after a day's hard work only to enter a dark den. The entire life-domestic and industrial comes to a standstill. So that it says, demand of electricity is increase when population is rapidly increased day to day. 2. 4 Housing Problem Housing means providing our dwelling place.It is a problem because very little attention is paid to it. That housing is a problem must first be considered a great problem by the government as well as the conscious citizens. The employer must be compelled to provide proper a ccommodation facilities for their employees. The government may also impose suitable taxes on profit and utilize this income for the purpose of building accommodation for workers. The government should also make it a point to make the people in general conscious of the danger of unhygienic living. The picture shows that overpopulation creates both environment pollution & housing problem [pic] 2. 5 Educational problems Population problem creates educational problems too.It is an extraordinary job to get admission in schools, colleges and university. For twenty seats, there may be two thousand candidates. 6. Unemployment In the field of employment this condition is dangerous. For one single vacant post there will be thousand candidates. Thousands and thousands of people are out of work in the country. 2. 7 Sound pollution Among the many-side environmental pollutions, sound pollution is one of the serious problems. It has reached an alarming stage now-a-days. The quietness of our life has totally vanished. Even within our homes sound has been very common. Many are the causes of this problem of sound pollution. Microphones blare out day in and day out.Film songs are played on cassette recorders at top volume even from the wayside betel shops. There are the aggressive bullying horns of automobiles. During religious festivals crackers are burst in discriminately and as a result the lives of the children and the aged person become miserable. Shouting of slogans also contributes not a little to sound pollution. One can even come across slogan shouting in hospitals. The extent of sound pollution has already crossed the normal limits of human endurance. We have to pass strict laws to take effective steps against the misuse of microphones. So that, population problems creates sound pollution that is chasing us in almost every step of our life. 2. 8 Green House EffectThere are many causes of green house effect. The destruction and cutting down of tropical rain forests. Ve hicles that clog up city streets and rapid growth of population are the most effective causes of green house effect. All this reports provide strong evidence that world temperatures are increasing day by day; growth of population is the most effective causes of Green house effect. 2. 9 Overpopulation Can Increasing Air Pollution The city of Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. It faces a number of problems for overpopulation. Increasing air population is one of them. It is creating serious threat to health for the millions of the city dwellers.The root cause of this air-pollution in this city is the rise of population, unplanned industrial activities and growth motorizes vehicles. Then there are the auto-rickshaws, tempos, buses, mini bus and trucks. These vehicles discharge excessive amount of carbon in the air. It has been reported that at present 80 thousand cars, 40 thousand auto-rickshaws, 16 thousand trucks, 1500 buses and 22,500 other vehicles are operating in the Dhaka Metrop olitan area. Then there are also a good number of vehicles coming in and going out from the city every day. In the context of this situation, necessary measures for control of air-pollution should situation. Necessary measures for control of air-pollution should be taken jointly by the government and the city dwellers. 2. 0 Food problem Population in Bangladesh is increasing by geometrical progression. But the agricultural production is increasing by arithmetical progression. The production of food cannot keep pace with our increasing people. So there is the shortage of food in our country. Every year a large quantity of food is to be imported from abroad. 2. 11 Health problem â€Å"Health is wealth†, but our people are suffering from many diseases. Many children of our country are blind because they do not get enough nutrition. Our children often suffer in diarrhea. 2. 12 Medical and medicine problem The large number of population creates the treatment problems too.There is only one qualified doctor for every 25,000 village people on the average. They also do not get proper and sufficient medicine. 2. 13 Shelter Problems The area of Bangladesh is too small to arrange shelter for the large number of population. In our country some people sleep under the porn sky, under the large tree, at railway station. This cause creates only for the population problems. 2. 14 Poverty Overpopulation is a cause of poverty. The increasing population of our country is creating pressure to our wealth. Our wealth is limited. So day by day we become poor. In this picture the little poor boy is working to earn money for food. Overpopulation increases food problem & poverty [pic] 3.Reasons of population problems in Bangladesh: Population growth is not the only threat facing humanity, but it will be a major contributor to the crises that await us and the planet in the coming century. Overpopulating the planet puts us all at risk of extreme environmental and social consequences that we are beginning to witness today. Beyond the dour environmental implications of current and future global population growth, there is a human tragedy in process as well. When we look forward to the next 40 years, the most significant population increases will take place in the areas of our world where natural resources and the infrastructure of modernity are already the scarcest.Ninety-five percent of human population growth is occurring in countries already struggling with poverty, illiteracy and civil unrest. In fact, developing countries are in need of approximately $1 trillion per year in new infrastructure (school rooms, for example) to accommodate the dramatic increases to their populations. This figure is effectively impossible to meet, which means the continued expansion of human population will result in an increase in the number of people living in poverty, unemployment and with inadequate health care. 3. 1 Hypothesis: †¢ Lack of awareness: Lack of awareness is the burning issue of increasing population. It is the root of all problems.Gender discrimination: There is a traditional view of having a male child. Parents thought that if they have a male child they will support them economically when they are able to earn. Parents specially take care of a male child than female one. So they try to have more and more male child. This practice is increasing the member of the family as well as the whole country. This situation is mostly seen in rural villages and in slum areas. †¢ Early marriage: Another main reason of population problem is early marriage of girls who are under 18. Poor parents are mainly interested in early marriage. Having daughter is a burden to them so they try to get them married early. Lack of education: The quality of education in remote rural areas was far worse than in urban areas, largely due to a scarcity of English teachers and the predominance of religious schools (‘madrasas') where English is not taught, t he study said. Our kids are falling behind in many areas of intellectual achievement. The whimsical decision of the government not to promote teachers without certain qualifications is further worsening in this situation. Sixty-nine percent of students who had completed five years of primary school were unable to read news headlines in Bangla newspapers properly, while 87 percent of pupils failed to do simple mathematical calculations, the study, entitled National Assessment of Pupils of Grades Three and Five – 2006, said.Conducted by the Second Primary Education Development Programmer (PEDP-II) – a donor-assisted programmer to ensure quality primary education for all children – the study reported that 72 percent of children were unable to write a short composition in Bangla – the mother tongue of over 95 percent of the population. 2. Some other reasons are given below: †¢ There is not enough food to feed a growing population. †¢ There is not a stable enough economy to give jobs or a decent standard of living to the current population, much less a growing one. †¢ Consumption of Resources for the current population already out weights the planet's capacity. †¢ Pollution by the current population is heavy, and would be worsened by a greater population. †¢ Education is best given individually, and the system is stressed when more students are added. 4.Solutions to the population problems in Bangladesh: We should all come forward to control the population. The government of Bangladesh is trying to control it. To remove this problem we should following arrangement: †¢ Using contraception: There are many choices to make about whether or not to use contraception and what method to use if you want to avoid a pregnancy. Contraceptive methods include the use of hormones, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and barrier and natural methods. People choose to use contraceptives (birth control) for a variety of reasons. Choo sing the birth control that is right for you is a personal decision and should be an informed one. You may have decided that you don’t wish to have children or would love them – just at a later point in your life. ? You may choose to use birth control to help space the timing of the births of your children. ? You may be feeling like your family is complete, so you wish to guard against the possibility of becoming pregnant again. Because we are all individuals and have our own unique needs, so too, we may prefer a particular contraceptive method over another – depending on our sexual, moral, or reproductive needs. †¢ Birth control: Birth control is an umbrella term for several techniques and methods used to prevent fertilization or to interrupt pregnancy at various stages.Birth control techniques and methods include contraception (the prevention of fertilization), contraception (preventing the implantation of the blast cyst) and abortion (the removal or expu lsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus). Contraception includes barrier methods, such as condoms or diaphragm, hormonal contraception, also known as oral contraception, and inject able contraceptives. [1] Contraceptives, also known as post-coital birth control, include intrauterine devices and what is known as the morning after pill. †¢ Mass education: There is a famous saying in Bangladesh: â€Å"Lekha pora kore Je Gari Gora chore se† (Those who are educated will succeed).This traditional thinking of education as the ticket to the good life emerges in different ways and degrees in Bangladesh. Education is seen as something that is received rather than achieved and it has increasingly become dependent on certificates. †¢ Stop early marriage: Education is the most important key to helping end the practice of forced child marriages. Many believe that education may prove to be more successful in preventing child marriages than banning child marriages. Education of the parents is just as important as education of the children. Education will broaden their horizons and will help convince parents of the benefits in having their children educated. It is important to provide education involving more than reading, writing, and math.Teaching these young girls life skills, including reproduction and contraception information, how to have fun and how to play in sports, is proving to be a positive way to change the lives and futures of these adolescent girls. †¢ Stop early pregnancy: Early marriage is mostly seen in village. This problem is increasing rapidly because those people don’t have awareness. To solve this problem the mother have to wait at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health. Also, if additional children are desired after a child is born; it is healthier for the mother and the child to wait at least 2 years after the previous birth before attempting to conceive but not more than 5 y ears. 5. Conclusion: Population pyramids, or age-sex pyramids, graphically depict the distribution of a country’s population based on age and gender.A top-heavy pyramid represents a country with an aging population that is failing to replace itself. Contrarily, a bottom-heavy pyramid represents a country with a rapid growth rate. Furthermore, indentations and spikes represent natural, environmental, and human phenomena that have affected population growth over time. Causes of these reductions and booms in population are natural disasters, famine, wars, postwar eras, increase in level of healthcare, and baby boom eras. The population is a great malady for Bangladesh. But this can be solved if the government and the people are firmly determined to control birth rate and grow more food at the same time. No improvement is possible unless this problem to solve†¦. [pic][pic][pic]

Pinkerton’s Detective Agenc Essay

Pinkerton (A) Late one afternoon in November 1987, Tom Wathen, sole owner and CEO of California Plant Protection (CPP), sat in his office staring at two financing plans. Wathen was trying to decide whether or not he should increase his $85 million bid to purchase Pinkerton’s—the legendary security guard firm—from its current owner, American Brands. On the previous day, Wathen had been told by Morgan Stanley, American Brands’ investment banker, that his bid of $85 million had been rejected and that nothing less than $100 million would be accepted. While Wathen was elated at still being in the deal, he had a problem. CPP’s board of directors had reluctantly approved the earlier $85 million bid and were sure to balk at a $100 million bid. Wathen desperately wanted to buy Pinkerton’s, but was not sure how much it was worth or how to finance it. Wathen knew he had to act now or miss this unprecedented growth opportunity and probably his last chance to be one of the industry’s biggest players. The Security Guard Industry The security guard industry had two segments: (1) proprietary guards and (2) contract guards. While both types of guards performed similar services, a proprietary guard was an employee on the payroll of a nonsecurity firm. Contract guards were â€Å"rented† from specialist suppliers like Pinkerton’s, CPP, Wackenhut, and Baker Industries. The historical growth of the contract guard segment of the industry was due in part to companies concluding that they gained operating flexibility by contracting out their security needs as opposed to managing their own security operations. By late 1987, security guard services was a $10 billion industry growing at 6% a year. But the industry was also mature, fragmented, and price-competitive. As a result there was an ongoing trend toward consolidation at the expense of smaller, local guard companies whose employees were often imperfectly screened and  poorly trained. Pinkerton’s The security guard industry began in 1850 when Allan Pinkerton founded the Pinkerton’s Detective Agency. The firm gained fame in the nineteenth century with its pursuit of such outlaws as Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. In the film portrait of that pair, Paul Newman repeatedly asks Robert Redford, â€Å"Who are those guys?† Those â€Å"guys† were Pinkerton’s men and women. Pinkerton ran his firm until he died in 1884. The company was then headed by four generations of Pinkertons until the family’s reign ended in 1967 with the death of Robert Pinkerton. Adam S. Berger (MBA ’91), prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Scott P. Mason as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. American Brands, the $5 billion consumer goods company—with brand names such as Lucky Strike cigarettes, Jim Beam bourbon, Master locks, and Titleist golf balls—purchased Pinkerton’s for $162 million in 1982. American Brands made the acquisition in order to expand the service side of its business and because it saw the Pinkerton’s brand name as a great addition to â€Å"a company  of great brand names.† The Pinkerton family sold the company to American Brands because they felt the industry was becoming extremely price-competitive and therefore the company needed a strong parent to compete and grow. In 1987 Pinkerton’s was among the largest security guard firms in the United States, with sales over $400 million, 150 offices in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and a particular strength in the eastern United States. Exhibit 1 gives selected financial data for Pinkerton’s. California Plant Protection When Wathen bought CPP in 1963, the firm had 18 employees and revenues of $163,000. By 1987, Wathen had built CPP into a $250 million security guard company with 20,000 employees and 125 offices in 38 states and Canada. Exhibit 2 gives selected financial data for CPP. Wathen built CPP with his consummate marketing skills and the strategy of differentiating the firm with employee screening and continual training. CPP’s expansion was aided by the explosive growth of California’s economy and because the bigger, more established East Coast security guard firms had ignored the West Coast. While Wathen was the sole owner of CPP, he had a board of directors that he used as advisors. The board had three members: Albert Berger, James Hall, and Gerald Murphy. Berger was an entrepreneur, COO of an electrical connector firm and a CPP director since 1975. Hall was an attorney, a former vice president of MCA, the former California Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, and a CPP director since 1976. Murphy was president of ERLY Industries, a director of several companies, and a CPP director since 1975. CPP’s Acquisition of Pinkerton’s Wathen wanted to buy Pinkerton’s for several reasons. First, he had always had the goal of creating the largest firm in the security guard industry, and the acquisition of Pinkerton’s would put him in a virtual tie with Baker Industries—a subsidiary of Borg Warner and the largest provider of contract guard services. Secondly, Wathen had been convinced for some time that American Brands was mismanaging Pinkerton’s and destroying a great brand name with its pricing strategy. In October 1987, American Brands announced  it had decided to sell Pinkerton’s because the security guard firm no longer fit into Brands’s long-range business strategy. Upon this  announcement, Jerry Brown, CPP’s secretary and general counsel, recalls, â€Å"Tom [Wathen] called me in and from that moment I knew he was going to do whatever it took to buy Pinkerton’s. Tom was always hung up on being the largest, and on Pinkerton’s name.† Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, was to represent American Brands in the sale and the bidding promised to be hotly contested. A task force of senior managers was quickly formed to prepare CPP’s bid which they knew, given the time pressures of the sale, would not have the benefit of adequate preparation. The task force believed there were three ways CPP could create value by acquiring Pinkerton’s. The most obvious source of value would come from consolidating the operations of CPP and Pinkerton’s by eliminating common overhead expenses such as corporate headquarters, support staff, and redundant offices. Second, the task force believed that significant improvements could be made in the management of Pinkerton’s net working capital. The third source of value, and possibly a unique insight by Wathen and the CPP task force, was the Pinkerton’s name. They believed that, while the industry was highly price-competitive, the services of both Pinkerton’s and CPP could be successfully marketed under the Pinkerton’s name at a premium price. Specifically, the task force felt that even though higher prices could lead to reduced revenue, the resulting improvement in gross profit margins, due to the marketability of the Pinkerton’s name, would be su fficient to result in greater gross profits. For example, the  task force believed that a premium price strategy would definitely reduce Pinkerton’s revenues since that firm had acquired a significant amount of business since 1985 using a low-price/high market-share strategy. The new pricing strategy would result in Pinkerton’s revenues shrinking, in a smooth fashion, to 70% of their 1987 level by the end of 1990 and then growing at 5% a year thereafter. But the task force was uncertain in its estimate of the impact of the new strategy on profitability. They expected that the new pricing strategy would improve Pinkerton’s gross profit margins from 8.5% in 1988 to 9.0% in 1989, 9.5% in 1990, and 10.25% thereafter. The task force further expected the new strategy to produce higher margins for CPP, increasing the projected operating profit from CPP’s own business by $1.2 million in 1989, $1.5 million in 1990, $2.0 million in 1991, and $3 million in 1992. This increase in CPP’s projected operating profit would be over and above that level that would otherwise have been anticipated in those years, and was expected to grow at 5% a year, in line with sales, beyond 1992. (Exhibit 3 gives a five-year forecast of CPP’s net income and cash flow assuming Pinkerton’s is not acquired). However, the task force realized there was a distinct possibility that the new pricing strategy would have no impact on CPP’s projected operating profits, and Pinkerton’s gross margins would improve to only 8.5% in 1988, 8.75% in 1989, 9.0% in 1990, and 9.5% thereafter. The task force was confident that, as a result of eliminating common overhead, Pinkerton’s operating expenses, as a percentage of sales, could be reduced to 6% in 1988, 5.9% in 1989, and 5.8% in 1990 and beyond. The task force was also confident that Pinkerton’s net plant and equipment could be reduced to 4% of sales and maintained at that percentag e relationship for the foreseeable future. The task force was somewhat less confident in its estimate of improvements to the management of Pinkerton’s net working capital. This was due to concerns over the ability of CPP’s accounting department to handle a much larger and more geographically diverse operation. The task force expected that Pinkerton’s net working capital, as a percentage of sales, could be reduced to 8.6% in 1988, 7.4% in 1989, and 6.2% thereafter. However, if CPP’s accounting department experienced difficulties in integrating the two firms’ operations, then Pinkerton’s net working capital would remain at 9.5% of sales. The idea of CPP acquiring Pinkerton’s was not universally popular. Most of the investment banks and lenders contacted by CPP expressed negative feelings about the potential acquisition, citing inadequate cash flow and weak market conditions following the dramatic dislocation of the stock market in the previous month. However, a representative of Sutro & Co., a prominent West Coast investment bank, indicated he was â€Å"highly confident† he could get financing for the acquisition from either Manufacturers Hanover Trust Corporation or General Electric Credit Corporation. In addition, Wathen had some problems with CPP’s board of directors. For example, Berger thought there would be obvious synergies in merging the two businesses, but that there was not enough management depth at CPP capable of running the combined firms. According to Berger, there was no COO, no CFO, no marketing manager, and nobody to handle the day-to-day details of operating a $650 million firm. The last thing CPP needed was growth, Berger argued. He felt the field people could handle a larger firm, but the corporate management could not. Nonetheless, the task force pressed on with their analysis of Pinkerton’s. In addition to current financial market conditions, the analysis took special notice of Wackenhut, the only publicly traded security guard firm. (See Exhibits 4 and 5.) Only 12 days after receiving the details of the sale  from Morgan Stanley, and with the reluctant approval of his board, Wathen bid $85 million for Pinkerton’s. Wathen did not receive a response to his bid for two weeks. Through his own network, Wathen knew another firm had bid more than CPP and that Morgan  Stanley was negotiating with that firm. Wathen was disappointed that he might miss his last opportunity to be one of the biggest in the business. When Morgan Stanley finally called and told Wathen his $85 million bid was too low, and that nothing less than $100 million would be accepted, Wathen was elated that he had another chance to buy Pinkerton’s. But he suspected the reason Morgan Stanley had finally called him was that the other buyer had been unable to finance their higher bid. Financing a $100 Million Bid In a last ditch effort to improve his bid for Pinkerton’s, Wathen asked his investment banker to determine the options for financing a $100 million bid. The banker responded with only two alternatives. The first alternative came from an investment firm who would provide both debt and equity financing. The debt, in the amount of $75 million, would have a seven-year maturity and an 11.5% interest rate. The loan principal would not be amortized prior to maturity, at which time the entire $75 million would come due. Finally, this debt would be a senior obligation and be backed by all the assets of the new combined firm. The equity, in the amount of $25 million, would be provided in exchange for 45% of the equity in the new combined firm. The second alternative was a 100% debt financing offered by a bank. The bank would lend $100 million at the rate of 13.5% a year. The loan principal would be amortized at the rate of $5 million a year for six years, with a final payment of $70 million at the end of the seventh year. Again, this loan was collateralized by all of the assets of the new combined firm. Under either financing alternative, Wathen was very concerned about the required debt service. The new combined firm’s nonpublic, as well as high-leverage, status could make any cash flow problems over the next five years highly problematic. The task force also reminded Wathen that a $100 million purchase price would result in the creation of good will on his balance sheet which would have to be amortized at the rate of $5 million per year for the next 10 years.1 Wathen sat in his office and prepared to make the biggest decision of his career. As an entrepreneur and an experienced security guard executive, Wathen was sure Pinkerton’s was a good buy. However, he had routinely relied on his board and other advisers for  financial advice. His board had reluctantly approved his earlier bid of $85 million and was sure to balk at a $100 million bid. How could he justify a $100 million bid for Pinkerton, particularly in light of his earlier bid of $85 million? And if he was successful in convincing the board, how was he going to finance the acquisition?

An Assessment of Heroism in the Characters of Gawain and Beowulf

An Assessment of Heroism in the Characters of Gawain and Beowulf Who is more heroic: Gawain or Beowulf? Hero (n): a person who is admired for great or brave acts or fine qualities (Merriam-Webster.com). While deciphering the true meaning of heroism for a few minutes something stopped me. In general opinion, most readers would consider Beowulf more heroic. And, according to the pattern of literature, film, and storytelling Beowulf is more heroic. But truly, it depends on which context you are viewing this upon. If we were to read the two stories in the Anglo-Saxon era, of which took place from 410 – 1066 AD, we could all agree Beowulf is the true hero. He fought off two monsters and a dragon among other beasts. When he fought Grendel he proclaimed, â€Å"it won’t be a cutting edge I’ll wield to mow him down, easily as I might†¦ He has no idea of the arts of war, of shield or sword-play, although he does possess a wild strength† (Greenblatt, 55). He acknowledges the pure strength of Grendel, and declares he will fight him without weapons because that is the just thing to do. He wants to be fair and square. A cowardly or even just average person would use any advantage to best the monster, but Beowulf has a true inner-courage, incomparable to anyone else in existence. He won battles nobody else could. Gawain had one battle to fight. He only volunteered because nobody else would except for his king, and he kept the â€Å"magical girdle† instead of show ing up as he promised to (giving the green knight a fair blow to his neck). He was fearful, where Beowulf was not. Beowulf fought bare-handedly when he didn’t even have to. So, physically or externally Beowulf was the true hero. In parallel the two stories yield a different answer, when viewing them from the eyes of a person alive in the 21st century. The true hero comes from within today. For example, someone who can lift three cars has less of a place in society than someone who can travel to third world countries and give food and shelter to those who are unfortunate. Gawain has more inner strength than Beowulf does. For example, in the days leading up to the meeting with the Green Knight, he is tested by temptations. One of those temptations is sex, and yet, despite the Green Knight’s wife’s strong sex appeal, he turns her away in the nicest way possible. The Green Knight was testing Gawain up until the moment he struck him with the axe. Gawain, fearful, kept the girdle that the Green Knight’s wife gave him because he believed it’s magical powers would save him. Therefore, he broke his promise. He was supposed to bear his neck, no shield, no protection. He lost his â€Å"tr oth† or his word by wearing that girdle. When he finds out that the Green Knight was testing him in his ability to keep his troth he was furious. He admitted, â€Å" Dread of the death blow and cowardly doubts meant I gave into greed, and in doing so forgot the freedom and fidelity every knight knows to follow† (Greenblatt, 235). After that the Green Knight forgives him because, like the readers, he sees Gawain’s strength in admitting his downfall and being truthful and regretful in the end. Beowulf is the opposite. He is egotistical and arrogant. Yes, he is significantly strong, but it is never enough. He always wants more. He always wants the fame, as when he left his men behind to take on the dragon, alone, despite his old age. Beowulf’s fault led him to his death, whereas Gawain’s humility saved his life. In today’s world all of us are faced with numerous different amounts of temptation. It speaks a lot to ones character to avoid them, and to speak for themselves in regret when they falter in their ability to deny those temptations. Gawain does this, when Beowulf is blind to his own faults. Today, Gawain would be the true hero. This is why when reading and interpreting the texts we must always consider context. Gawain is the real â€Å"person who is admired for great or brave acts or fine qualities† (Merriam-Webster). Gawain is the indisputable hero.

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Marketing plan - Essay Example It comprises of a careful mix or composition of all the ingredients that help cure hangovers. The company has its headquarters located in the United States of America. The management comprises of five individuals with employees being fifteen in number. Our mission is to give our customers a sensational feeling that connects fun to the real world without jeopardizing any other operations. Since our existence, we have cherished and valued the sober state of individuals as being the most productive state and we seek to maintain that feeling and effect even after wild parties in the most convenient and enjoyable way. The idea is to generate interesting content easily spread on the canvas because of their interest. The consumer must obviously be the main actor of this content in which it participates since it is a new product Second, it is to create content only interesting but also related to business objective. It must also be consistent with the brand image and value of Hang Down Ultimate Drink. Finally, it must meet the expectations of consumers of the beverage. As we have already noted above, social networks are the ideal place to foster dialogue with consumers. This not helps to enhance the words of the consumers but also to collect valuable information about expectations, desires, disappointments consumer. Generate conversations is also the perfect way to â€Å"humanize† the brand and its values The economic situation of the world depends on the American dollar and how it trades in the market determines the revenue rates that the company receives. Moreover, the existence of an economically sound environment boosts and promotes trade in various parts where the company has set various outlets. The law has a high influence over the operation of the company. It is responsible for ensuring that a healthy competitive business environment

EconomicsSupply Chain Market conditions in Azerbaijan and how it Research Proposal

EconomicsSupply Chain Market conditions in Azerbaijan and how it affects ability to get and pay labor - Research Proposal Example (Maharramov, 2003). Recently, Azerbaijan has witnessed solid economic growth over the last 5 years. This growth has been driven by domestic demand including non-oil private investments, public investments, government expenditures, consumption expenditures or households and oil exports. Real GDP has also witnessed tremendous growth owing to growth in the non-tradables sectors including transportation, construction, and public utilities. The capacity constraints however did not enable the supply to grow as rapidly as demand leading to inflationary pressures. The objective of this paper is to provide a discussion of the labour cost drivers, labour demand drivers, and labour supply drivers in Azerbaijan. According to macroeconomic theory the wage rate usually depends on the price level. The higher the price level the higher will be the real wage rate demanded by workers. Azerbaijan is currently suffering from high rates of unemployment. As a result the wage rates are very low. According to the Human Development and Central Unit (HDCU) and European and Central Asia Region (ECAR) (2005) a vast majority of people in the city of Mingachevir an Industrial city have become redundant as a result of lack of demand for products, which has culminated in production stoppage, bankruptcy, liquidation and corporate restructurings. This has driven the wage rates to very low levels. Based on this one can say that a major determinant of labour cost on Azerbaijan is the demand. The demand for labour in Azerbaijan is currently very low and as such people are willing to supply labour at very low wage rates. The survey by the ECAR and HDCU (2005) suggests that only 3% of the unemployed left their job vo luntarily. While some workers are not being paid at all, there is also a high degree of wage arrears.s In 2001 exports accounted for 44% of GDP in Azerbaijan with hydrocarbon products being the dominant export activities, contributing to 91.5% of total exports in 2001. The remaining share of exports consists of raw and processed food products, mechanical equipment and chemical product. (Navaretti, 2003). The largest share of imports is made of machinery for the oil industry, food products, other mechanical equipment and luxury consumer goods for the high-income part of the population. Many of the country's traditional products in the domestic market have been replaced by imports because they are unable to withstand the competition of import products. (Navaretti, 2003). Figure 1 below shows that the real wages have taken a downward trend since 2005 to record low levels over the period 2001 to 2006. The figure also indicates that the non-oil sector is lagging behind. Since imports have become higher than exports, it is likely that the country is witnessing slow growth in aggregate demand, which in turn leads to a slow down in the growth in real GDP. This in turn creates a recessionary gap, high unemployment rate and therefore low wage rates. (CFA, 2008). From the foregoing one can therefore rightly say that the wage rate in Azerbaijan depends on the growth in Aggregate demand which has a multiplier effect on the price level, real GDP growth, and therefore wage rates. Figure 1 3. Labour Demand Drivers in Azerbaijan Macroeconomic theory posits that the demand for labour depends on three factors. These include the price of the firm's output, other factors and technology. The higher the price of the