Digital Evidence and Search and Seizure Essay Example for Free

Digital Evidence and Search and Seizure Essay Gallant Computer Investigative Services, LLC1, provides computer forensic, electronic discovery, and incident response supports, as well as computer forensics training to law enforcement, IT professionals, and the legal community. Gallant Computer Investigative Services was founded by David Gallant, who has over 24 years of investigative experience, especially when he was serving as a federal agent with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI). He contributed to the initial investigative activity for one of the most successful computer hacker investigations in history. Following his retirement in 2001, he entered the corporate security world. Services Offered * Computer Forensics – GCIS provides systematic analysis of computer media using court and industry accepted software and techniques. They are mainly focused on criminal defense cases, theft of intellectual property, family law (divorce cases), probate cases (search for assets), violation of non-competition clauses, unauthorized use of corporate networks, and decryption of files. * Cell Phone Forensics – GCIS provides systematic analysis of cell phones and other portable devices. GCIS can forensically extract call history, SMS, images, internet browsing history, file system, phonebook, calendar, and stored media. * On-site Forensics – GCIS is able to bring or ship a complete forensic network to customer’s location. Services include forensic imaging of computers and cell phones, and forensic procession using Forensic Toolkit’s distributed processing network feature. GCIS owns recreational vehicle which can operate in remote regions where office space and lodging is non-existent. * Electronic Discovery, trainings, and other services. DataChasers About DataChasers2 is a small company and its team includes eight professionals who have specialized skills outside the normal realm of computer forensics and hold multiple certifications specific to computer forensics. Company was established in 1999 and operates mainly in California, however, they have cases in many areas of the south-western U.S. Computer forensics and e-discovery is their only business. DataChasers was founded by Rick Albee, who has been awarded for â€Å"Demonstrated Leadership and Achievement In the Field of Forensic Computer Evidence† in Who’s Who of America Small Business. Moreover, DataChasers was noted in a theft of intellectual properties case in the Forbes magazine. Services Offered * Computer Forensics – DataChasers provides recovering deleted files, e-mail recovery, tracing internet activity, surfing history, download history, and manipulation of data. DataChasers is also able to help in intellectual property cases, family law, employment law, probate resolution, asset verification, and criminal law as prosecution or defense. They are able to assist in court case by litigation support, trial preparation, experienced expert witnesses, and professional courtroom displays. * Cellular Forensics * E-discovery – DataChasers provides Electronically Stored Information (ESI) retrieval and production, turning paper hard-copy into searchable ESI format, consulting on data management, litigation support and trial preparation. * Expert Witness Testimony – DataChasers has the distinction of having served as Special Master to Federal Court, as well as being the expert in numerous Superior and Municipal courts. All DataChasers examiners have extensive litigation experience. Computer Forensic Services, Inc. About Computer Forensic Services, Inc.3 provides electronic discovery, forensic analysis, litigation support, and advisory and consultation services. Their expert forensic examiners include federally trained analysts who specialize in computer evidence and have many years of professional experience in both law enforcement and information technology. CFS’s CEO and Chief Technology Officer Mark Lanterman has over 11 years of law enforcement experience as a police investigator and is recognized as an expert witness. He received recognition in 2003 from Director of the U.S. Secret Service for his contributions to law enforcement. Services Offered * Electronic Discovery – CFS’s process of electronic discovery involves complex data manipulation and reduction utilizing sophisticated software tools and techniques. CFS has years of experience investigation complex cases and its process includes steps as data collection, data sifting, and presenting deliverables in a form that can be used by legal counsel. * Computer Forensics – This service consists of Forensic Imaging and Data Analysis Recovery. * Information Security – CFS provides a strategic, comprehensive security solution on current best-practices and on established security standards and regulations. These security services include discovery of current level of security, development of business-appropriate security environment, and monitoring security anomalies that could require reconfiguration or investigation. * Litigation Support * CLE Training – CLS provides CLE lectures for attorneys and staff. * Law Enforcement Support Conclusion I tried to list offered services of all three companies and find out whether there are some significant differences, but based on their webpages all companies provide almost the same services. Project 1-2 As I come from the Czech Republic, our jurisdiction is based on civil law system which is greatly different from common law system followed by the USA. Based on the article â€Å"Common Law vs. Civil Law†4, I list features of both these systems. Features of a common law system (USA) include * There is not always a written constitution or codified laws; * Judicial decisions are binding – decisions of the highest court can generally only be overturned by that same court or through legislation; * Extensive freedom of contract few provisions are implied into the contract by law (although provisions seeking to protect private consumers may be implied); * Generally, everything is permitted that is not expressly prohibited by law. Features of a civil law system (Czech Republic) include * There is generally a written constitution based on specific codes (e.g., civil code, codes covering corporate law, administrative law, tax law and constitutional law) enshrining basic rights and duties; administrative law is however usually less codified and administrative court judges tend to behave more like common law judges; * Only legislative enactments are considered binding for all. There is little scope for judge-made law in civil, criminal and commercial courts, although in practice judges tend to follow previous judicial decisions; constitutional and administrative courts can nullify laws and regulations and their decisions in such cases are binding for all. * Courts specific to the underlying codes – there are therefore usually separate constitutional court, administrative court and civil court systems that opine on consistency of legislation and administrative acts with and interpret that specific code; * Less freedom of contract many provisions are implied into the contract by law and parties cannot contract out of certain provisions. In Czech law system there is generally a written constitution based on specific codes and precedent principle is not established. Based on paper â€Å"The Criminal Justice System in the Czech Republic†5, Criminal law in the Czech Republic is for the most part codified in one act called Criminal Code which is being continuously updated. Current version (only in Czech) is accessible from this address: http://portal.gov.cz/app/zakony/zakonPar.jsp?page=0idBiblio=68040fulltext=nr=40~2F2009part=name=rpp=15#local-content. Project 1-3 To be a successful computer forensics investigator, I have to be familiar with more than one computing platform. However, no one can be expert in every aspect, it’s important to develop my own network of professionals. I would begin by looking for groups of professional investigators in my surrounding for example Computer Technology Investigators Network (CTIN) and Technology Crime Investigation Association (HTCIA). I would start attending theirs meetings and try to become a member. Then if you are a member of one of these user groups, you get more credibility and can start share your experience, offer your skills, and try to maintain contacts by other professionals through e-mail. I think the best way how to find whether they are legitimate, is to discuss their experience and get recommendation for them from another people. References 1. Gallant Computer Investigative Services, LLC (GCIS). Available at: http://www.whatsonthecomputer.com. Accessed August 30, 2012. 2. DataChasers INC. Available at: http://www.datachaserscomputerforensics.com. Accessed August 31, 2012. 3. Computer Forensic Services, Inc. Available at: http://www.compforensics.com. Accessed August 31, 2012. 4. Key Features of Common Law or Civil Law Systems. PPP in Infrastructure Resource Center for Contracts, Laws and Regulation. Available at: http://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/legislation-regulation/framework-assessment/legal-systems/common-vs-civil-law. Accessed September 1, 2012. 5. The Criminal Justice System in the Czech Republic. Available at: http://www.ok.cz/iksp/en/docs/s279.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2012. 6. Nelson B, Amelia P, Enfinger F, et al. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations. 3rd Edition, Thomson Course Technology; 2008:8-9.

Software Quality Requirement Analysis on Educational Game

Software Quality Requirement Analysis on Educational Game Software Quality Requirement Analysis on Educational Mobile Game with Tourism Theme Anggy Trisnadoli1*, Istianah Muslim2, Wenda Novayani3 Abstract: Mobile game is one type of game that runs on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs. In previous research, we have proposed quality model for mobile game which is a quality model that was built to measure quality from mobile games. This model was built from quality requirements that were analyzed for mobile games. Educational mobile game is education game genre with mobile based that aimed to learning, then the quality requirements maybe will different compared to other games. This research was conducted by analyzing the mobile games quality requirements that specific for educational games genre in order to generate new quality requirements that are specific to the mobile educational game. The case studies that become an evaluation of current research are the tourism of Riau province, Indonesia. So the mobile educational game that will design later is a mobile educational game that contains about tourism in Riau province. To get a list of criteria for this case, then we conducted a survey of several users, and also formed a group discussion forum along with a tourism ambassador of Riau province, so that the quality requirements will be more reliable. So the proposed quality requirements may become a reference to build a game product that has a good quality based on the users perspective. Keywords: Software quality, games, mobile games, educational mobile games, tourism, Riau province. Game is a system composed of artificial rules that involve players with the aim to entertain [1] [2]. Game contains scenarios that composed of a collection of audio and visual interest that allows users to enjoy game play that has been given by the game. By the unique characteristics game compared to other software, then, there are many things that do more specific, special for the games. Quality model for mobile game is one of the quality models that were built to measure the quality of the mobile games [3]. This model was built based play ability quality models built by Sà ¡nchez et al [4] and adapted to the quality requirements for mobile games [3]. In its application this quality model used to measure the quality of a users perspective, so that measurements can be made after the game finished mobile products developed. In designing an educational game, it must be guided by a good reference. Quality assurance can be done starting of the development stage, the design stage. Quality models for the mobile game offers a collection of properties that indicate the needs of a mobile game quality, so that the quality requirements can be used as a reference in building a good mobile game. However, that offered quality requirement is built for the mobile game in general, while the mobile educational game is a genre the mobile game with educational or learning, so that the quality requirements could have a few differences. Based on these problems, so, in this research we performed an analysis of the mobile games quality requirements that are specific to the educational games genre, to be able to produce a game product that has fit quality of the quality requirements based on the users perspective. As for the issues that will be studied in this paper are does requirements for a quality mobile game can be used as a reference in the design stage of development the mobile educational games. And how far the relationship of quality requirements for mobile game required to Mobile Educational Games with Tourism content of the users perspective to be able produce a good quality product. 2.1. Quality Requirement for Mobile Game In 2015, research on the quality model for mobile games has been conducted by Trisnadoli, Hendradjaya and Sunindyo [2] entitled A Proposal Quality Model for Mobile Games. Quality Model for Mobile Game was formed based on the software quality requirements that has been compiled based on the criteria and ideas from several researches on mobile games [3]. The proposed model has quality factors as shown on Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Quality Model for Mobile Games [2] Factors and sub factors for the quality of the quality model for mobile games that have been proposed are Usability In Use with sub factors Effectiveness In Use, Efficiency In Use, Satisfaction. Then Flexibility In Use with sub factor Accessibility. And Safety with subfactor User Health Safety Table 1. Quality Requirements for Mobile Games [3] No Quality Requirements for Mobile Games 1 Game gives a clear goal and a player can achieve goal 2 Players do not find any error in the game 3 Game can be played in a short time 4 Game easy to understand by players 5 Game has a manual (help feature) 6 Control of the game has been consistently in according with the standards 7 Games provide an appropriate response to the action of Players 8 Challenges, strategies and the steps of the game are already balanced 9 Screen layout is comfortable to be seen 10 Audio of the game was comfortable and supportive with a good game 11 Mobile devices and game interface are already suitable and appropriate 12 The experience of playing is Fun 13 Players get the appropriate reward 14 Storyline or scenario of the game is interesting 15 Players can express themselves 16 No repetition that make the game boring 17 Game control is appropriate and flexible 18 Game can accommodate the surrounding environment 19 Game supports multiple ways to play 20 Players are not affected on safety and health issues Mobile game is defined as a game played on a mobile platform-based devices are expected to increase the entertainment on the users mobile device. Mobile devices that can be applied to mobile game such as Smartphones, PDAs, Tablet PCs and Portable Game Console. Mobile game is highly dependent on the device that became his home [5]. Based on the characteristics of mobile games and mobile applications presented by several researchers [6]-[11] then performed an analysis of the characteristics and then were extracted to produce set of quality requirements are been the foundation of building a quality requirement that will be used. After conducting an analysis of data that has been collected, so, the conclusion of proposed quality requirements for mobile game can be seen in Table I. 2.2. Educational Game Genre Characteristics According to Sugihartono [12], educating means the process of changing the attitudes and behavior of a person or group with a mature effort with teaching and training efforts. Education can be obtained for both formal and informal. Formal education was obtained from a structured learning that has been designed by an institution. While the non-formal education is the knowledge gained humans in everyday life either experienced or learned from others. One way to learn with non-formal system is by educational game. Educational games are games that are designed or created to stimulate thought include improving concentration and problem-solving [13]. YM Harahap on [14] concluded that the educational game is one of the games that can be useful to support the teaching and learning process with more fun and more creative, and usable to provide teaching or increase user knowledge by an exciting media. According to Hurd and Jennings [15] declared that educational game is game that is specifically designed to teach user a certain learning, concept development and understanding and guide them in their ability to train and motivate them to play. Factors that are considered necessary in developing educational game are usability, accuracy, appropriateness, Relevance, Objectiveness, Feedback, Engagement, Motivation, and Gaming Literacy. Dondlinger [16], said that a number of distinct design elements on educational games are narrative context, rules, goals, rewards, multisensory cues, and interactivity seem necessary to stimulate desired learning outcomes. And a few other things about the characteristics of the educational game are Challenging, Fun, and Excitement not patronizing and based on experience, interactive, expertise, reflection. Determination of the quality requirements of mobile educational games, we perform an analysis based on various sources of quality requirements, such as the quality requirements that have been offered by previous researchers then combine from survey results that conducted on some respondents, while also using the functional requirements of mobile educational game stakeholders for tourism in Riau province. So that, the proposed quality requirements can become a reference in developing mobile educational game with good quality.   Ã‚   3.1. Quality Requirements for Mobile Educational Game based on Users Perspective In determining the quality requirements of mobile games from the users perspective, data collection or surveys conducted to several respondents randomly. Respondents, who being questioned are derived from various professions, age, sex, and excitement in playing the games. The stuff to consider in conducting a survey on software quality requirements analysis for mobile games are The comfort of audio and visual, Interest on the storyline, Satisfaction in playing, the comfort using control game, Screen size of mobile devices, Addictive (the desire to repeat the game). Survey of users was conducted in the form of an interview. Selection of respondents by random sampling method is applied to 130 people with different backgrounds, but still has an interest in using games on mobile devices. The interview results are then analyzed and processed by concluding and verification of data obtained. Table II is the result of the conclusions of the quality requirements of mobile games based on the users perspective. Table 2. Survey Result on Requirements from Users Perspective No Indicator Requirements 1 The comfort of audio and visual Mobile game should be good appearance The layout that is used comfortably viewed Color usage harmonious and good 2. Game Controller The buttons position is appropriate The controller usage is simple 3 Storyline Game characters are Interesting Scenario of the games are not boring The desire to repeat the game again and again Based on data that shown in Table II, and after calculation of the number of respondents who give a positive statement on the list of requirements, so the number was created in the percentage as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Survey result on requirements from users perspective by percentage 3.2. The results of the Forum Group Discussion for Riau Province Tourism Case Study Forum Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted to get a conclusion for the criteria that are required to build a mobile educational game with a case study of tourism on Riau province. This activity was attended by 35 participants that were an ambassador for tourism in Riau province. Discussions were held during few hours, then, closed with some results which can be seen in Table III. Table 3. FGD Result to Mobile Educational Game Criteria No Indicators Criterias 1 Interface Attractive appearance (eye catchy) 2 The color usage is comfortably viewed 3 Audio comfortable to hear 4 Storyline Interesting storyline or game play 5 Not boring 6 Addiction (wanted to play again-and again) 7 Education Contents Simple but meaningful Growing a curiosity From the discussion we get conclude that the most important content in game tourism theme are Arts, Tourist Attraction and Folklore. Arts with Traditional Dance, Songs and Musical Instrument. Tourist Attraction with Nature and Historical Heritage. Folklore with Legend and Fairy Tales. Table III shows the various technical criteria to be considered in the development of an interesting mobile educational game. In order to build a mobile educational game on tourism sector, there are several things to consider such as the content, simple but meaningful and interesting, and dont forget to contain about Malay art and culture, because it is a hallmark from Riau Province. As for the interface of this educational game, the things to consider are the attractive appearance, the use of color that comfortable to look at and pleasant sound to be heard. After discovering the things that become important considerations in the requirement of mobile games, educational games, also the requirement for mobile game with tourism content, then formed a new calculation to show the overlapping and interrelated requirements to be good quality requirements as a reference in designing a mobile-based game with education genre and tourism case study in Riau province. The results of the analysis are shown in Table IV. Table 4. Mapping of Quality Requirements for Mobile Educational Games with Tourism Theme Requirements Quality Requirements for Mobile Games [3] Previous Research on Educational Game Survey Result from Users Perspective FGD Result on Educational Game on Tourism Game provides a clear goals à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game is easy to understand à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game can be played in a short time à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game have complete features à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Control of the game has been consistently in according with the standards à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Screen layout is comfortable to be seen à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Audio of the game was comfortable and supportive with a good game à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ The mobile device screen is appropriate to the game à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ The experience of playing is Fun à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Storyline or scenario of the game is interesting à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ No repetition that make the game boring à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game control is appropriate and flexible à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Players gain knowledge from the game à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game is simple but meaningful à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Content on tourism must be update à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Language usage appropriate to target of player à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Having educate messages behind the entertainment given à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Based on that Table IV, indicated that some requirements are actually owned by all sources are used, but there are some requirements that are not discussed on several sources. Especially the contents of tourism that it only required if the specific case study towards the tourism sector, would be an important thing for the preparation of quality requirements. Based on all the stages that have been done before, and then we analyze it to propose a new quality requirement. Proposed quality requirements for mobile educational game that specific to tourism case study are show on Table V. It contains the proposed quality requirements for mobile educational game with a case study of tourism. So in designing and developing mobile educational game later, these quality requirements can become one of factor to be good quality software. Because of the good quality software is start from the design stage, not only during the implementation or development, even when they are published to the user. Table 5. Proposed Quality Requirements for Mobile Educational Games with Tourism Case Study No. Quality Requirements 1 Game provides a clear goals 2 Game is easy to understand 3 Game can be played in a short time 4 Game have complete features 5 Control of the game has been consistently in according with the standards 6 Screen layout is comfortable to be seen 7 Audio of the game was comfortable and supportive with a good game 8 The mobile device screen is appropriate to the game 9 The experience of playing is Fun 10 Storyline or scenario of the game is interesting 11 No repetition that make the game boring 12 Game control is appropriate and flexible 13 Players gain knowledge from the game 14 Game is simple but meaningful 15 Content on tourism must be update 16 Language usage appropriate to target of player 17 Having educate messages behind the entertainment given Based on the analysis and evaluation, the conclusions of this research are software quality requirements especially in the game are heavily dependent on type and case studies that will be develop. Software quality requirements can be composed of any various kinds of input, not only from the existing criteria, but also can be collected based on user feedback and the specific requirements of stakeholders that will use the software. Quality requirements for mobile educational game on tourism case studies has been built specifically based on the criteria that collected to build a good quality software. The proposed quality requirements can become a reference in building software educational game design since the beginning, so the quality of mobile educational games already maintained earlier. For future research, the proposed quality requirements should be performed a validation testing on the feasibility, so that it can be more confirmed as good quality requirements. And the proposed quality requirement can be a reference to build a quality model with specific quality factors and complete metrics to evaluate the mobile educational game software, so it can measure how much the quality value of a mobile educational game in tourism theme. Acknowledgment We would like to thank to Politeknik Caltex Riau to Support this research, also to Riau Province and Pekanbaru Citys Tourism Ambassadors Bujang-Dara to help us with very generous discussion and feedback. References Clearwater, D. A. (2011). What defines video game genre? Thinking about genre study after the great divide. The Journal of the Canadian Game Studies Association, 5(8). Trisnadoli, A., Hendradjaya, B., Danar, S. W. (2015). A proposal of quality model for mobile games. In ICEEI 2015 International Conference. IEEE. Trisnadoli, A. (2015). Software quality requirement analysist on mobile game based software (Analisis kebutuhan kualitas perangkat lunak pada software game berbasis mobile). Journal of Applied Computer (Jurnal Komputer Terapan), 1 (2). Sà ¡nchez, J. G., Simarro, F. M., Zea, N. P., Vela, F. G. (2009). Playability as extension of quality in use in video games. Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on the Interplay between Usability Evaluation and Software Development (I-USED). Ponnada, A., Kannan, A. (2012). Evaluation of mobile games using playability heuristics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (pp. 244-247). ACM. Hussain, A., Kutar, M. (2008). Usability metric framework for mobile phone application. In Conference Information Integration and Web-based Applications Services. ACM. Jeong, E. J., Kim., J. (2009). Definitions, key characteristics, and generations of mobile games. Mobile Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. Monash University Korhonen, H., Koivisto, E. (2006). Playability heuristic for mobile game. Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services. ACM. Nantes, A., Brown, R., Maire, F. (2008). A framework for the semi-automatic testing of video games. In AIIDE. Nayebi, F., Desharnais, J. M., Abran, A. (2012). The state of the art of mobile application usability evaluation. Proceedings of 25th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (pp. 1-4).IEEE. Salmre, I. (2005). Writing mobile code: Essential software engineering for building mobile applications. Addison-Wesley Professional. Sugihartono, Fathiyah, K. N., Setiawati, F. A., Harahap, F., Nurhayati, S. R. (2007). Psychology of Education (Psikologi Pendidikan). UNY Press. Handriyantini, E. (2009). Computer Based Educational games for Elementary Student (Permainan edukatif berbasis komputer untuk siswa sekolah dasar). Malang: Journal of STIKOM Indonesia (Jurnal STIKOM Indonesia). Harahap, Y. M. (2015). Design of Educational Game as a Learning Media for Preschool Children with Adobe Flash CS 5. SP (Perancangan Game Edukatif Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Pada Anak Usia Dini Dengan Adobe Flash CS 5. SP) Mathematics, USU. Hurd, D., Jennings, E. (2009). Standardized Educational Games Ratings: Suggested Criteria. Scientific Paper. Dondlinger, M. J. (2007). Educational video game design: A review of the literature. Journal of applied educational technology, 4(1), 21-31. Authors biographies Anggy Trisnadoli obtained his B.Sc. degree in Informatics Engineering from Politeknik Caltex Riau in 2011, a M.Sc. also in Informatics Magister from Bandung Institute of Technology in 2015. He has worked as a lecturer in Politeknik Caltex Riau from 2012. Currently, he is lecturing in Information System, Computer Department of Politeknik Caltex Riau, Indonesia. His research interests are in games, mobile application, 3D Animation and Multimedia Software. His email address is [emailprotected] Istianah Muslim is a lecturer in Information System Department in Politeknik Caltex Riau. She received her Master of Industrial Engineering from Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember in 2013. Her research interests are in the area of human factor, ergonomic, safety and health, supply chain management, production planning and Design Product. Her email address is [emailprotected] Wenda Novayani is a lecturer in Computer Engginering Department in Politeknik Caltex Riau. She received her diploma degree in Computer Engginering from Politeknik Caltex Riau in 2006 and B.Sc degree in Electrical Engginering from Intitute Teknologi Bandung in 2013.

Katherine Sheppard Essays -- Katherine Sheppard

"A great woman has gone whose name will remain an inspiration to the daughters of New Zealand, while our history endures". This quote was read at the funeral for Katherine Sheppard. The political advancement of women in New Zealand was brought about by a handful of courageous women, particularly Kate Sheppard. Kate Sheppard was born on March 10, 1847 in Liverpool, England. Her full name was Katherine Wilson Sheppard, but she preferred the name Kate. After her father's death in 1862 when Kate was only 15, Kate's mother, took her and her two older brothers over to New Zealand, in 1868 and settled in Christchurch. Then in 1871, Sheppard got married to a merchant named Walter Allen Sheppard. Together they had one son, named Douglas who was born in 1880. She was an active member in her church and was very religious. Later in her life she became a big leader in the fight for Women's rights. Three heroic traits that a hero should possess are being a leader, strong, and devoted. Leadership s kill because lacking this skill will keep people from knowing what is expected for them to accomplish. Strong will power would allow the hero to get things done. And lastly the hero needs to be devoted to their cause, while having the mindset of not giving up until something is accomplished. Katherine Sheppard portrays great leadership, a strong will for what's right, and a devoted mindset; all of which signifies that she deserves the title of a hero. Telling people to accomplish something without a purpose is one thing, but being able to lead a vast amount of people with a purpose to succeed their goal is a whole other story. Katherine Sheppard has proven that with great leadership skills, she was able to band together many organizations and peo... ...and. Kate should always remembered not only for her work to bring change to New Zealand women by gaining the right to vote, but for her pride of being a woman, at a time where being a woman was seen as a weakness, which is inspiring to me. Work Cited "Kate Sheppard, 1847-1934." Kate Sheppard 1847-1931. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. "Lightner, Barb. "Kate Sheppard." Kate Sheppard (2009): 1. Biography Reference Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. "Sheppard, Katherine Wilson." - Biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Sheppard, Kate." Britannica Biographies (2012): 1. Biography Reference Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Sheppard, Kate (1847-1934)." Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. Ed. Anne Commire and Deborah Klezmer. Vol. 2. Detroit: Yorkin Publications, 2007. 1713. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Dec. 2012

The Role of Men in Adrienne Richs Of Woman Born Essay -- Adrienne Ric

The Role of Men in Of Woman Born  Ã‚   Adrienne Rich, via Of Woman Born, has created a wonderfully complex description and analysis of the condition of being a woman in our patriarchal American culture, or at least in the middle-class, white portion of it, as she acknowledges in the introduction to the 1986 edition of the book. Since I happen to fit into this category, I find this book to be very personally satisfying, although I can certainly imagine that Rich's writings wouldn't be completely applicable to all women in America. Rich examines the various issues surrounding multiple aspects of being a woman -- motherhood, relations with men, relations with children, relations with the patriarchy at large, etc. -- with a thoroughness that I find enlightening, honest-yet-hopeful, and refreshing. There were passages throughout the book that I found exciting because they confirmed or bolstered many of the ideas I've had about being a woman in this culture. I have long suspected that women and children are often fearful simply because they are the vulnerable members in a mal...

Langston Hughes Essay examples -- essays research papers

The period of the Harlem Renaissance was a time of great change and exploration for African Americans . It was during this point in the early twentieth century that African Americans were exploring their cultural and social roots. With the rapid expansion of a cohesive black community in the area, it was only a matter of time before the finest minds in Black America converged to share their ideas and unleash their creative essences upon a country that had for so long silenced them. In the midst of this bohemian convergence, many notable figures arose who would give a new voice to African Americans. With such great notables as Countee Cullen, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale, and James Johnson, mainstream American now had a unique window into the plight of African Americans all over the country. One individual though stands out as one of the most prominent figures of the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes defined himself by his ability to pursue the true essence of â€Å"black folk† a t a time when black identity, culture, or art was considered an oxymoronic concept. Hughes sought to explore the true identity of Black America even amidst criticism that his work was anti-assimilationist in its literary expression. Wallace Thurman, one of Hughes’ closest friends had this to say about the poet’s subject matter: â€Å"He went for inspiration and rhythms to those people who had been the least absorbed by the quagmire of American Kultur, and from them he undertook to select and preserve such autonomous racial values as were being rapidly eradicated in order to speed the Negro’s assimilation.† ( Bloom 161) To many black critics, including Thurman, the subjects of Langston Hughes’ poetry exposed an aspect of the black culture that, according to Countee Cullen threw wide, â€Å"every door of the racial entourage, to the wholesale gaze of the world at large (Bloom 152).† Hughes was a lover of his people and sought to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America. He created works of literature that were distinctively Negro in their elements: Without repudiating the Americanness of the Afro American, he defined how a work of art by a black American can be Negro, the artist’s Americanness notwithstanding†¦..The black artist stands a good chance of capturing the Negro soul if he looks for his material not among the â€Å"self-styled â€Å"hi-class† Negroes,† but among â€Å"the low down folks†, the ... ...gston Hughes manifested itself in â€Å"The Weary Blues†. Hughes wrote the poem to be played to music and it was performed with an accompaniment of jazz in the background. The flow of the poem is in tune to a blues beat. It incorporates the slow mellow mood of the blues and its easy free flow of thought. The poem captures the essence of sadness and melancholy that is attributed to the blues. Hughes writes about observing a piano player as he plays the sweet blues in the night: â€Å"He played that sad raggy tune like a musical fool Sweet blues! Coming from a black man’s soul. O Blues!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Norton 1733) â€Å"The Weary Blues† captures an important element of the black identity, that of its music and the soul which is put into its expression. The poem captures that soul of the black man as he wails a mellow tune to the beat of a blues rhythm. Langston Hughes established himself as the poet laureate of Harlem. He served as the voice of the downtrodden, as well the elite in black culture. The criticism that he once received is now praise as his influence is manifested in the affirmation of the black identity.

Women Empowerment in Bangladesh

Women Empowerment in Bangladesh Introduction: Women’s empowerment is defined as â€Å"women’s ability to make strategic life choices where that ability had beenpreviously denied them† (Kabeer 1999). Women empowerment now is often accredited as an important aim of international development policies, and many donor agencies include women’s empowerment in their development strategies.Although empowerment is often conceptualized as a process (Cueva Beteta 2006; Kabeer 2001; Malhotra and Schuler 2005), most quantitative studies have been cross-sectional, comparing individual women with others in their communities or societies(Malhotra and Schuler 2005). In the development of indicators it is usually implicitly assumed that higher levels of empowerment represent a change from a pre-existing situation in which women have more limited power, influence, freedom, or autonomy; but such changes have rarely been measured using a common set of indicators.Such studies ca n be valuable for cross national comparisons (UNDP 1995; Ibrahim and Alkire 2007) and for documenting change over time, particularly at the macro- or meso- levels, but I would argue that the meanings and salience of empowerment indicators are likely to evolve over time both in developing interventions to foster women’s empowerment and in documenting empowerment processes.A woman's level of empowerment is defined here as a function of her relative physical mobility, economic security, ability to make various purchases on her own, freedom from domination and violence within her family, political and legal awareness, and participation in public protests and political campaigning(Sidney Ruth Schuler and Syed M. Hashemi,1994). Women empowerment in Bangladesh means giving women of the country the power to rule and govern their own lives, away from traditional and social constraints. The women empowerment movement in Bangladesh focuses on giving women the power and authority they ne ed to be men’s equals.The structures of sub ordinance that have keep women in the dark for so long must be eliminated. Women must have intellectual resources that can be acquired through good education and material resources that can be accumulated with the help of a solid job. Women in Bangladesh work in rural areas and do most of the manufacturing labor as well as most of the harvesting. This traditional practice needs to stop. The violence against women must also stop. Women need to gain a lot more power over their decision making process. They should not be seen as fertility machines that have only the goal of reproducing.Most of the violence against women that takes place in Bangladesh is located in urban and rural households. Violence against women is an old, patriarch practice that focuses on establishing the balance of power in the family. The system of early marriage for girls is also a cause for violence against women because little girls are forced into new familie s from an early age. There, they have to work like adults. Bangladesh is a society that perpetrates the myth of the mother as a divine creature. Women who do not get pregnant are considered inferior because they can’t bear children.This is a male tradition that limits the mobility of women all over the country. Global NGO’s that are working towards helping women get empowered in Bangladesh are still facing difficulties because Bangladesh is a closed society which allows very few changes. In Bangladesh, gender inequalities are a social construction that can be eliminated with time. History of Women Empowerment: Bangladesh accomplished independence from Pakistan’s economic exploitation, political and cultural suppression in 1971after a long period straggle.Though the country has homogeneous culture, language, and social norm, but social hierarchy is divided by the gender, especially women, and classes of the society. Post-independence (i. e. after 1971), womenâ₠¬â„¢s organisations focused on a broad range of issues such as political empowerment, economic equality, legal reforms of customary and gender biased laws, violence against women, reproductive rights, etc. (Jahan 1995; Kabeer 1989). Then women are involved themselves in variety economic, household and nonproductive activities that always remains them under reported.The real unexpected truth is that this types of work women always overlooked by women themselves. The main important thing is that women are the major forces behind the development of today’s civilization for extending their contribution without earning in the economic, political, social and cultural process of the modern civilization. However, women's work always remains under reported; especially women’s non? market homestead based economic activities. Theoretical perspective of the study: Credible documentation of women’s participation in economic activities is problematic particularly for women be longing to farm households.Several theoretical frameworks have been on board to explain issues surrounding women’s work and the sexual division of labor. Marxists have distinguished between productive and reproductive labor, economists have conceptualized the difference between market production and subsistence production and between wage and non-wage labor, and sociologists have drawn a line between work at home and outside home (Ferber 1982; Sachs 1988). Neoclassical economic tradition emphasized the activities undertaken to meet the demand of the markets. On that count, women’s work outside labor market has often been overlooked and excluded from economic analyses.In recent years, empirical research have tried to document the extent of women’s participation in specific responsibilities, and their contribution to GDP, economic growth, household management, education, health & politics, but the argument regarding the complication of women’s task and the interconnectedness between different types of functions remains. This paper presents some empirical evidences of recent changes in women roles in socio-economic activities, and impact of women’s participation on their empowerment and the socio-economic conditions of the household.A recent study on Bangladeshi women’s empowerment presents that the theoretical issues related to the measurement of women's empowerment, and describes findings from a recent study in the villages exploring the current salience of indicators developed fora 1992 survey. The paper mainly focus on the types of social, economic, and political change that affect the measurement of women’s empowerment; propose and explain a new set of indicators for the rural Bangladesh setting; and discuss implications for measuring women's empowerment in other settings. Sidney Ruth Schuler, Farzana Islam, and Elisabeth Rottach,2011) Another study of UNDP on women empowerment also addresses the conceptua l and methodological issues related to women’s empowerment, the trends in women’s empowerment over the last 20 years in key areas such as education, health, economic and political participation, and finally the best practices of state and non-state actors in empowering women. The trends in women’s empowerment over the past 20 years show that hile there have been gains in primary and secondary education, in political representation at the national level, and in waged labor, and a decline in fertility and maternal mortality, violence against women and HIV/AIDS continue to be endemic and these trends vary across regions and within countries urban and rural poor, ethnic minorities, and older and disabled women fare worse on all indicators with the current economic crisis reversing many gains ( Manisha,2010).Statement of the problem Are new articulations or pathways to women’s empowerment emerging as a result of these changes? What are the emerging pathways? T his article is concerned with the question of women’s empowerment where empowerment is conceptualized in terms of multidimensional processes of change rather than some final destination.These processes touch on many aspects of women’s lives, both personal and public: their sense of self-worth and social identity; their willingness and ability to question their subordinate status in society; their capacity to exercise strategic control over their own lives and to negotiate better terms in their relationships with others; and finally, their ability to participate on equal terms with men in reshaping society to better accord with their vision of social justice.Each of these changes is important in itself, but it is through their mutual interactions that the empowerment of individual women is most likely to translate into broader struggles for gender justice and social transformation. The pathways through which processes of empowerment occur are neither predetermined nor r andom. They occur within specific contexts and are shaped by them. In particular, they are shaped by the gender-related structures of constraint which prevail in a given context.Since these structures influence the pace, substance and direction of social change, as well as defining areas of ‘inertness’, pathways of empowerment are generally characterized by a certain degree of path dependence. They carry the imprint of the societies in which they occur. Significance of the study The socio-cultural situation and family structure of our country remains unchanged for centuries. Peoples belief and understanding have not changed despite of modernization and ongoing changes all around. Their life style still follows the pattern that has been followed by their ancestors for thousands of years.As women become economically productive, their spheres of influence increase. Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys suggests that in some developing countries much of the impact of women’s overall decision making power is concentrated at the community level. Across the developing world, studies show that women’s participation in community initiatives can have long lasting benefits for women. Considering this view, this study was aimed to assess the women decision making power or empowerment in the household issues. The findings of the study would help inEmpowerment as delegation of power to someone has been a mechanism to increase personal and work life quality of woman in recent decades. Higher education and occupation is effective instrument to empowerment of women but culture role can't be denied in this relation. Social norms can directly or indirectly limited women empowerment. In this article the role of higher education and occupation in psychological empowerment of women in Tehran has been quested. Current research is a descriptive-practical research. Education and occupation were independent variable and empowerment was dependent variab le.Random sampling was used and 600 questioners were completed by women in Tehran city. To determine validity of scale we took advantages of construct validity and factor analysis. The reliability index of Cronbach's alpha was 0. 8945 and spearman correlation and structural equations model was used for statistical analysis. Results of research indicate th Objective of the study The aim of this article is to explore how processes of women’s empowerment and broader struggles for gender justice have played out in the specific context of Bangladesh.By drawing on women’s own accounts of these changes, it seeks to provide insights into what empowerment might mean in this particular context. There is no exact equivalent for the concept of empowerment in the local language. However, when women talk about forms of change in their lives that they value, and when these changes undermine the prevailing structures of patriarchy in some way, they are providing us with their own high ly articulate narratives of empowerment, ones that are grounded in their local realities and everyday lives. Scope of the study The structure of the article is as follows.The first section explores the gendered structures of constraint in the Bangladesh context, both to understand what gives these structures their resilience as well as to theorize about how they might shape the possible pathways of change. The second section documents the changing nature of state and society in Bangladesh. This includes a number of positive changes in women’s lives, including processes of individual empowerment, but as the paper notes, there is little evidence to suggest that these changes have enabled women from poor rural households to articulate and act on their vision of social justice.One exception to this generalization suggested by the author’s field research are women’s groups organized by development NGOs committed to social change. It is the experiences of this subset of women that inform the analysis in this article. The third section then examines the impact of the strategies adopted by these organizations on women’s capabilities as defined by their material position, their cognitive capacity and their relationships with others, while the fourth section explores how they have used their enhanced capabilities to take collective action against gender injustice.The concluding section draws out the theoretical implications of these findings. It suggests that the analysis of women’s strategies for dealing with various manifestations of injustice in their lives provides important insights into the values and motivations which shape their efforts to navigate change in different domains of their lives. It notes that there are injustices which they are prepared to deal with through open confrontation but others where they seek compromise and conciliation.This caution on their part testifies to the uneven pace of change in the wider structu res of constraint and the risks associated with the pursuit of autonomy. Finally, it highlights some government best practices such as quotas, cash transfer programs, gender budgeting, and community based micro enterprises, some movement practices, i. e. , local women run community based programs to combat violence and HIV/AIDS and transnational exchanges, unions campaigns such as Decent Work for Women and corporate practices such as gender equality seals and corporate social responsibility. References: . Manisha Desai, Hope in Hard Times1: Women’sEmpowerment and Human Development. 2. Women’s empowerment revisited: a case study from BangladeshSidney Ruth Schuler, Farzana Islam, and Elisabeth RottachSidney Ruth Schuler: [email  protected] org; Farzana Islam: [email  protected] co. uk; Elisabeth Rottach: 3. IMPACT Model of Women’s Empowerment, 2010. 4. Nature and Impact of Women’s Participation in Economic Activities in Rural Bangladesh: Insights from H ousehold Surveys, 2004. 5. Mobilizing for Women’s Rights and The Role of Resources: Synthesis Report – Bangladesh (February 2011).

Your future

Your future is In your hand Life Is Like a wheel, sometimes above, sometimes below, such Is human nature In life. By era milieu Is loaded with Information and technology, the current momentum continues to move forward without delay. Therefore, young people should be prudent and should have plans in the future that need to be instilled in every themselves. When a second thought, in the future we can foster responsible practices in the minds of ourselves. In fact, you need to practice ourselves in our own future plans. Therefore, your should play the role of the wise Is like hair pulling In lour, hair Is not broke, do not scatter flour.The question Is, whether planning your future Is In your hands, or vice versa. To get the best option, evaluate the ones available to you. Think about what you need to do, ask yourself questions and then make your decision. These are step in the process that is know as planning. Planning can be for the short-term, medium-term or long-term. It is the same In financial planning, except that the time frame is over a longer period. Ideally, you should be looking as far ahead as your retirement years. To achieve your future, you need to plan from the financial aspect.In financial planning, you look at how you will be budgeting, saving and spending your money over time. In financial planning they have assessing where you are now in financial terms, setting goals, creating a financial plan, implementing the plan and monitoring and reassessing. Many people think that financial planning Is a hassle and that Is stop them from doing fun things. If you consistently live on a budget surely you would have to give up fun activities. If you set a good financial planning habit, you can always ensure you have enough for more fun in the future.You have a sense of freedom from financial rosier because you have planned for the future, anticipated your expenses and achieved your personal goals In life. That you must have better personal relationships wi th people around you, such as your family, friends and colleagues, because you are happy with your life and you are not going around borrowing money to make ends meet or expecting handouts from other. You need to do to plan for the future is to apply ourselves to practice prudent attitude in ourselves and completed a responsible attitude of doing things. Make these practices a culture of life.This is the most rapidly and effectively to shape our harasser. It's Like a piece of white cloth, which will be characterized by us to be white or black. In one moment, the family also plays an important role in the lives of our future plans. This is because we need support and assistance in planning our future. If we plan our future alone, at a certain time we might skidded off the runway we want. â€Å"If you are friends with a blacksmith, torn shirts and we will contact with sparks and social partners also play a role and will have an impact in our future planning.This is so because at the sometimes easier to be affected by your social partners in an action or behavior because it has principles, values, and identity matching. Not wrong for us to hang out with our friends, Just do not be until you missed or mistaken in planning and determining our future. Therefore, to address this matter, you must know the background of each of your own social partners in order not swayed by them and made a mistake in planning your future because your future is in your own hands. Goals help give you direction, as they guide you towards achieving the life that you want.Without goals you may wake up one day Just to realize that the best of your ears has gone by and you have yet to achieve anything in your future. Aside from being an essential aspect of daily life, it is important to note that money is a vital tool to help you work towards your goals in life at now day and for the future. When setting your financial goals, pay attention to what you value and believe in life. Without know ing what is important to you personally, it will be difficult to set satisfying financial goals. When you understand what your values and beliefs are, you will find it easier to set financial goals that you can achieve.Concluded that ourselves playing an important role in planning the future of our own to achieve this goal before the rice into porridge. If we own less attention to our own future, we will certainly be difficult to do. Moreover, we must be applied with a simple lifestyle and not to show off not wasting. Moreover, let us not love in debt or spend more than our own ability as this is also one of the factors that prevent us to plan our future. Therefore we need to plan carefully so that every thing we want to do in the future goes as leader Mahatma Gandhi said, think for tomorrow, but act today.